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Working Memory

Working Memory

Working memory refers to a combination of components, including short-term memory and attention, that allow an individual to hold information temporarily as we perform cognitive tasks. It is an essential cognitive function that enables the execution of complex tasks such as problem-solving, comprehension, and reasoning. Unlike short-term memory, which simply involves the storage of information for a brief period, working memory involves the active manipulation and processing of this...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 29, 2025

Dual-Task Stroop Paradigm for Detecting Cognitive Deficits in High-Functioning Stroke Patients

Dual-Task Stroop Paradigm for Detecting Cognitive Deficits in High-Functioning Stroke Patients

Published on: December 16, 2022

Post-Stroke Working Memory Dysfunction: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review.

Selma Lugtmeijer^1,2, Nikki A Lammers³, Edward H F de Haan³

¹University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. S.Lugtmeijer@uva.nl.

Neuropsychology Review

|November 24, 2020

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Stroke survivors experience significant working memory impairments affecting both simple and complex tasks. These deficits persist long-term and impact all working memory components, indicating a global post-stroke cognitive challenge.

Keywords:

Cognition Meta-analysis Prevalence Stroke Systematic review Working memory

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Randomized, Triple-Blind, and Parallel-Controlled Trial of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation for Cognitive Rehabilitation after Stroke

Randomized, Triple-Blind, and Parallel-Controlled Trial of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation for Cognitive Rehabilitation after Stroke

Published on: June 6, 2025

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Cognitive Psychology
Rehabilitation Medicine

Background:

Working memory is crucial for daily functioning.
Stroke frequently leads to cognitive deficits, including memory impairment.
The multi-component model provides a framework for understanding working memory.

Purpose of the Study:

To systematically review and quantify working memory deficits in adult stroke patients.
To examine the nature of these deficits across different working memory loads and modalities.
To assess the persistence of deficits in sub-acute and chronic stroke stages.

Main Methods:

Systematic literature search in PubMed for stroke and memory studies up to March 2019.
Inclusion of 50 studies with 3,084 stroke patients and control groups.
Extraction and analysis of effect sizes (Hedges' g) for working memory performance.

Main Results:

Stroke patients showed moderate, significant deficits in low-load (g = -0.58) and high-load (g = -0.59) working memory tasks.
Deficits were comparable for verbal and non-verbal information across all working memory subsystems.
Impairments were prominent in both sub-acute and chronic stages, linked to fronto-parietal network lesions.

Conclusions:

Stroke causes global working memory impairments affecting all components.
These deficits are substantial and persist into the chronic phase post-stroke.
Understanding these impairments is vital for targeted neurorehabilitation strategies.