Advances in the fracture mechanics of cortical bone

As cortical bone is a semi-brittle solid, its fracture is dependent not only on the magnitude of the applied stress, but also on the nature of any intrinsic or introduced cracks. Consequently a variety of fracture mechanics techniques have been utilised to evaluate the fracture toughness of cortical bone, including the single edge notched, centre notched cylindrical and compact tension methods, and values have been established for the critical stress intensity factor (Kc) and the critical strain energy release rate (Gc). The Kc and Gc values obtained depend on the orientation of the cortical bone, as well as on bone density, the velocity of crack propagation and specimen geometry. The significance of these fracture mechanics parameters for cortical bone is critically reviewed.