How fast do mobile organisms respond to stimuli? Response times from bacteria to elephants and whales

Quick responses to fast changes in the environment are crucial in animal behaviour and survival, for example to seize prey, escape predators, or negotiate obstacles. Here, we study the 'simple response time' that is the time elapsed between receptor stimulation and motor activation as typically shown in escape responses, for mobile organisms of various taxa ranging from bacteria to large vertebrates. We show that 95% of these simple response times lie within one order of magnitude of the overall geometric mean of about 25 ms, which is similar to that of a well-studied sensory time scale, the inverse of the critical flicker fusion frequency in vision, also lying within close bounds for all the organisms studied. We find that this time scale is a few times smaller than the minimum time to move by one body length, which is known to lie also within a relatively narrow range for all moving organisms. The remarkably small 10²-fold range of the simple response time among so disparate life forms varying over 10²⁰-fold in body mass suggests that it is determined by basic physicochemical constraints, independently on the structure and scale of the organism. We thus propose first-principle estimates of the simple response and sensory time scales in terms of physical constants and a few basic biological properties common to mobile organisms and constraining their responses.