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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 28, 2025

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Monitoring Biofouling Potential Using ATP-Based Bacterial Growth Potential in SWRO Pre-Treatment of a Full-Scale

Almotasembellah Abushaban1,2, Sergio G Salinas-Rodriguez2, Moses Kapala2

  • 1Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Water Management Department, Delft University of Technology, Stevinweg 1, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands.

Membranes
|November 25, 2020
PubMed
Summary

A new bacterial growth potential (BGP) test using adenosine triphosphate (ATP) shows promise for predicting biofouling in seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) systems. Higher BGP levels in feed water correlated with increased membrane pressure drop, indicating its potential as a biofouling indicator.

Keywords:
bacterial growth potentialbiofoulingdesalinationpre-treatmentseawater reverse osmosis

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Water Treatment Technology
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) faces challenges from biofouling, impacting performance.
  • Existing methods for predicting biofouling potential lack demonstrated correlation with actual SWRO performance.
  • Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-based bacterial growth potential (BGP) is a novel approach to assess biofouling risk.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between a new ATP-based BGP test and SWRO membrane performance.
  • To evaluate the effectiveness of pre-treatment processes in controlling biofouling indicators.

Main Methods:

  • Monitored a full-scale SWRO plant's pre-treatment (dissolved air flotation and dual media filtration) for 5 months.
  • Assessed bacterial growth potential (BGP), orthophosphate, organic fractions (LC-OCD), silt density index (SDI), and modified fouling index (MFI).

Main Results:

  • SWRO pre-treatment effectively controlled particulate fouling (low SDI and MFI).
  • Dissolved air flotation with coagulation achieved significant removal of orthophosphate (70%) and BGP (50%).
  • Higher BGP levels in SWRO feed water correlated with increased normalized pressure drop across the membranes.

Conclusions:

  • The ATP-based BGP test shows potential as an indicator for biofouling in SWRO systems.
  • Pre-treatment processes, particularly DAF, are effective in reducing biofouling precursors.
  • Further long-term monitoring across diverse SWRO plants is recommended for validation.