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Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

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The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
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A single nucleotide polymorphism or SNP is a single nucleotide variation at a specific genomic position in a large population. It is the most prevalent type of sequence variation found in the human genome. Point mutations that occur in more than 1% of the population qualify as SNPs. These are present once every 1000 nucleotides on an average in the human genome. Replacement of a purine with another purine (A/G) or a pyrimidine with another pyrimidine (C/T) is known as a transition. In contrast,...
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Immunodeficiency disorders are conditions in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. The immune system comprises a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from potentially harmful invaders. When this system is deficient or not functioning properly, it leaves the body susceptible to infections, diseases, or other complications.
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An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
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Development of Immunocompetence01:22

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The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
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Genome-wide association studies or GWAS are used to identify whether common SNPs are associated with certain diseases. Suppose specific SNPs are more frequently observed in individuals with a particular disease than those without the disease. In that case, those SNPs are said to be associated with the disease. Chi-square analysis is performed to check the probability of the allele likely to be associated with the disease.
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Immunogenetic Association Underlying Severe COVID-19.

Kendall McCoy1, Autumn Peterson1, Yun Tian2

  • 1Department of Biology, College of Life and Physical Sciences, Tennessee State University, 3500 John A. Merritt Boulevard, Nashville, TN 37209, USA.

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PubMed
Summary

Genetic factors influence COVID-19 severity by affecting immune signaling pathways. Understanding these genetic and epigenetic mechanisms is key to diagnosing and preventing severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

Keywords:
COVID-19chemokine signalingepigenetic regulationgenome-wide associationinterferon signaling

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Genetics
  • Virology

Background:

  • The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2, presents a wide range of clinical outcomes, from asymptomatic to life-threatening.
  • Host genetic factors contributing to COVID-19 disease severity remain incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify host genetic determinants of severe COVID-19.
  • To explore the role of immune signaling pathways and epigenetic mechanisms in COVID-19 pathogenesis.

Main Methods:

  • Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and high-throughput sequencing were employed on extensive clinical sample cohorts.
  • Analysis focused on genetic loci associated with life-threatening COVID-19 cases.
  • Investigated the interplay between genetic pathways, epigenetic regulation, and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS).

Main Results:

  • Genetic analyses identified specific gene loci linked to approximately 20% of severe COVID-19 cases.
  • These critical genetic loci are predominantly enriched in interferon-mediated antiviral and chemokine-mediated inflammatory signaling pathways.
  • Epigenetic mechanisms were found to modulate these immune pathways and interact with the RAAS.

Conclusions:

  • Key genes identified through genetic profiling offer potential targets for early risk diagnosis and prophylactic strategies for severe COVID-19.
  • Epigenetic mechanisms are crucial for understanding the broad clinical spectrum of COVID-19 illness.