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Related Concept Videos

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

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The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
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Bone formation, or ossification, begins around the sixth to seventh week of embryonic development. Most bones develop from a cartilaginous template through the process of endochondral ossification. Cartilage formation begins when clusters of mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes. These chondrocytes proliferate rapidly and secrete an extracellular matrix that becomes encased in a membrane called the perichondrium. The resulting cartilage model provides a template that resembles the...
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Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age01:09

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The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
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Fractures: Bone Repair01:27

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Treatment for a fracture is based on the type of break, the bone affected, and the patient's age.
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Intramembranous ossification is one of the two processes involved in the development of bones within an embryo. The flat bones of the face, most of the cranial bones, and the clavicles are formed via this process. During intramembranous ossification, the bones develop directly from sheets of undifferentiated mesenchymal connective tissue.
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna01:15

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The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 28, 2025

Direct Mouse Trauma/Burn Model of Heterotopic Ossification
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Heterotopic Ossification After Elbow Fractures.

Zachary J Herman, David G Edelman, Asif M Ilyas

    Orthopedics
    |November 25, 2020
    PubMed
    Summary

    Heterotopic ossification (HO) affects 28.7% of patients after elbow fracture surgery. The risk of HO may be lower following distal humerus fractures compared to other elbow injuries.

    Area of Science:

    • Orthopedics
    • Trauma Surgery
    • Rehabilitative Medicine

    Background:

    • Heterotopic ossification (HO) is a known complication following surgical elbow fracture repair.
    • HO can lead to significant morbidity, including pain, reduced range of motion, and joint ankylosis.
    • Accurate incidence and prevalence data are crucial for understanding the impact of HO.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To update the systematic review of incidence and prevalence rates of heterotopic ossification (HO) after surgical repair of elbow fractures.
    • To analyze potential differences in HO rates across various types of elbow fractures.

    Main Methods:

    • Systematic review and meta-analysis of existing literature.
    • Compilation and calculation of overall HO incidence rates.

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  • Comparative analysis of HO incidence based on fracture type.

    • Main Results:

    • The overall incidence of heterotopic ossification (HO) after surgical elbow fracture repair was determined to be 28.7%.
    • This incidence rate is consistent with previously reported findings in the literature.
    • Preliminary analysis indicates a potentially lower odds of HO after distal humerus fractures compared to proximal radius fractures, terrible triad injuries, and general elbow fractures/dislocations.

    Conclusions:

    • Heterotopic ossification (HO) remains a significant complication after surgical elbow fracture repair, with an overall incidence of 28.7%.
    • The findings suggest a possible variation in HO risk depending on the specific type of elbow fracture treated surgically.
    • Further research is warranted to confirm these differences and inform clinical management strategies to mitigate HO risk.