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Related Concept Videos

Buoyancy

Buoyancy

When an object is placed in a fluid, it either floats or sinks. All objects in a fluid experience a buoyant force. For example, a metal ball sinks, while a rubber ball floats. Similarly, a submarine can sink and float by adjusting its buoyancy. The concept of buoyancy raises several interesting questions. For instance, where does this buoyant force come from? How much buoyant force is required to make an object sink or float? Do objects that sink get any support at all from the...

Buoyancy and Stability for Submerged and Floating Bodies

Buoyancy and Stability for Submerged and Floating Bodies

In fluid mechanics, buoyancy and stability are key concepts for understanding the behavior of submerged and floating bodies. When a stationary body is fully or partially submerged in a fluid, the fluid exerts a force on the body known as the buoyant force. This force acts vertically upward through a point called the center of buoyancy, which is the center of the displaced fluid volume. According to Archimedes' principle, the magnitude of the buoyant force is equal to the weight of the fluid...

Testing Water Quality

Testing Water Quality

When the quality of water for concrete preparation is uncertain, its impact on the setting time of cement and compressive strength of mortar is assessed by comparison with de-ionized or distilled water benchmarks. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) C1602 requires the setting times to be within 90 minutes of the control, British Standard (BS) 3146:1980 allows a 30-minute variance in the initial setting, while British Standards European Norm (BS EN) 1008 specifies initial setting...

Uniform Depth Channel Flow

Uniform Depth Channel Flow

Uniform depth channel flow keeps fluid depth consistent along channels such as irrigation canals. In natural channels, such as rivers, approximate uniform flow is often assumed. This condition occurs when the channel’s bottom slope matches the energy slope, balancing potential energy lost from gravity with head loss due to shear stress. This balance prevents depth changes along the channel length, resulting in a steady, uniform flow.Uniform flow in open channels with a constant cross-section...

Water and Mineral Acquisition

Water and Mineral Acquisition

Specialized tissues in plant roots have evolved to capture water, minerals, and some ions from the soil. Roots exhibit a variety of branching patterns that facilitate this process. The outermost root cells have specialized structures called root hairs that increase the root surface, thus increasing soil contact. Water can passively cross into roots, as the concentration of water in the soil is higher than that of the root tissue. Minerals, in contrast, are actively transported into root cells.

Rise of Liquid in a Capillary Tube

Rise of Liquid in a Capillary Tube

When very thin cylindrical tubes, called capillaries, are dipped in a liquid, the liquid rises or falls in the tube compared to the surrounding liquid. This phenomenon is called capillary action. Capillary action occurs due to the combination of two opposing forces: the cohesive forces of the liquid, which cause it to stick to itself and form a rounded shape, and the adhesive forces between the liquid and the walls of the container, which cause the liquid to be attracted to the container walls.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 28, 2025

Measuring the Structure, Composition, and Change of Underwater Environments with Large-area Imaging

Measuring the Structure, Composition, and Change of Underwater Environments with Large-area Imaging

Published on: April 18, 2025

Deep diving with Clio.

Jnaneshwar Das¹, Elizabeth Trembath-Reichert¹

¹School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe AZ, USA. jnaneshwar.das@asu.edu e.t.r@asu.edu.

Science Robotics

|November 26, 2020

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

The autonomous underwater vehicle Clio samples ocean biogeochemistry. It reaches depths of 6000 meters for basin-scale research.

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Last Updated: Nov 28, 2025

Measuring the Structure, Composition, and Change of Underwater Environments with Large-area Imaging

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Swimming Performance Assessment in Fishes

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Training Rats to Voluntarily Dive Underwater: Investigations of the Mammalian Diving Response

Training Rats to Voluntarily Dive Underwater: Investigations of the Mammalian Diving Response

Published on: November 12, 2014

Area of Science:

Oceanography
Marine Biology
Geochemistry

Background:

Understanding ocean basin-scale biogeochemistry is crucial for climate modeling.
Current sampling methods have limitations in depth and scale.

Purpose of the Study:

To introduce an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) capable of deep-sea biogeochemical sampling.
To demonstrate the AUV's ability to operate at basin-scale depths.

Main Methods:

Deployment of the autonomous underwater vehicle named Clio.
In-situ sampling of biogeochemical parameters at depths up to 6000 meters.

Main Results:

Clio successfully sampled ocean basin-scale biogeochemistry.
The AUV operated effectively at extreme depths.

Conclusions:

Autonomous underwater vehicles offer a new capability for deep-ocean research.
Clio expands the possibilities for studying global ocean processes.