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Related Concept Videos

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes02:58

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

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Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...
29.3K
Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
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Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview01:26

Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview

2.7K
Electrocyclic reactions are reversible reactions. They involve an intramolecular cyclization or ring-opening of a conjugated polyene. Shown below are two examples of electrocyclic reactions. In the first reaction, the formation of the cyclic product is favored. In contrast, in the second reaction, ring-opening is favored due to the high ring strain associated with cyclobutene formation.
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Woodward–Hoffmann Selection Rules and Microscopic Reversibility01:34

Woodward–Hoffmann Selection Rules and Microscopic Reversibility

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Electrocyclic reactions, cycloadditions, and sigmatropic rearrangements are concerted pericyclic reactions that proceed via a cyclic transition state. These reactions are stereospecific and regioselective. The stereochemistry of the products depends on the symmetry characteristics of the interacting orbitals and the reaction conditions. Accordingly, pericyclic reactions are classified as either symmetry-allowed or symmetry-forbidden. Woodward and Hoffmann presented the selection criteria for...
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Ferromagnetism01:31

Ferromagnetism

2.8K
Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...
2.8K
Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes02:46

Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes

46.6K
Tetrahedral Complexes
Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than the dxy,...
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Monovalent Cation Doping of CH3NH3PbI3 for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells
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Perovskite Puzzle for Revolutionary Functional Materials.

Nikolai Belich1, Natalia Udalova1, Anna Semenova1

  • 1Department of Materials Science, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.

Frontiers in Chemistry
|November 26, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Perovskite crystal structures offer a versatile platform for designing advanced functional materials by leveraging chemical bonding and element properties. This review explores their crystal chemistry and applications in superconductivity, magnetoresistance, and solar cells.

Keywords:
copperlead halidesmagnetoresistancemanganeseperovskite solar cellsperovskitesphotovoltaicssuperconductivity

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Solid State Chemistry
  • Crystallography

Background:

  • Perovskite crystal lattices provide a flexible framework for advanced functional materials.
  • The interplay of chemical bonding, defects, and crystallochemistry enables unique material properties.
  • The Mendeleev's Periodic Table (PTE) offers tools to tune material properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the crystal chemistry and bonding of perovskites.
  • To discuss physical and functional properties of perovskite-based materials.
  • To exemplify tuning functional properties using PTE periodicity for specific applications.

Main Methods:

  • Review of crystal chemistry and bonding features.
  • Analysis of physical and functional properties.
  • Examination of preparation methods and property tuning strategies.

Main Results:

  • Perovskites act as a 'LEGO designer' for materials using PTE elements.
  • Examples include high-temperature superconductive cuprates, colossal magnetoresistive manganites, and lead halide perovskites for solar cells.
  • PTE periodicity is a key tool for tuning functional properties.

Conclusions:

  • Perovskite structures are highly adaptable for designing functional materials.
  • The PTE provides a systematic approach to tailoring perovskite properties for diverse applications.
  • This review highlights the potential of perovskites in superconductivity, spintronics, and photovoltaics.