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Related Concept Videos

Units and Standards of Measurement01:10

Units and Standards of Measurement

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A physical quantity is defined either by specifying its measurement method or by stating how it is calculated from other measurements. For example, consider a metallic cube. We might define its mass and dimensions by specifying methods for measuring them, such as using a weighing machine and a meter scale. Then, we could define the volume by stating that it is the cube of its side, and we could calculate the density as the mass divided by the volume.
Measurements of physical quantities are...
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Global Regulatory Systems01:28

Global Regulatory Systems

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Global regulatory systems in bacteria enable rapid and coordinated responses to environmental changes by integrating sensory inputs with gene expression, ensuring efficient adaptation to fluctuating conditions. Key global regulatory mechanisms include regulons, two-component systems, sigma factors, and secondary messengers.Regulons and Global RegulatorsA regulon is a collection of genes and operons controlled by a common global regulator. These regulators enable bacteria to prioritize resource...
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Harmonic Mean01:09

Harmonic Mean

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The arithmetic mean is usually skewed towards the larger values in the data set. Therefore, to avoid this inherent bias towards smaller values, the harmonic mean is used.
Take the example of the speed of a car, which is the measure of the rate of distance traveled. If the vehicle traverses the same distance back-and-forth, its average speed equals the total distance traveled divided by the total time taken. However, if the car moves with varying speeds, then the arithmetic mean is more skewed...
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Standard Solutions01:14

Standard Solutions

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Standard solutions refer to solutions with a precisely known concentration or composition. A primary standard is a highly pure, high molar mass, stable substance that is entirely soluble in water, the most commonly used solvent in analytical chemistry. The primary standard solution can be used to standardize secondary standards, which are substances with known concentrations but are less pure and stable. Standard solutions are essential for achieving accurate and reliable results in analytical...
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Measurement: Standard Units03:38

Measurement: Standard Units

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Every measurement provides three kinds of information: the size or magnitude of the measurement (a number), a standard of comparison for the measurement (a unit), and an indication of the uncertainty of the measurement. While the number and unit are explicitly represented when a quantity is written, the uncertainty is an aspect of the errors in the measurement results.
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Conversion of Units01:36

Conversion of Units

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Sometimes, there is a need to convert from one unit to another one. For instance, reading a cookbook in which quantities are expressed in units of liters or ounces may require conversion of quantities to cups. Or, when looking up directions on how to get to a location, we may be interested to know how many miles we are going to walk. In this case, we would have to convert units of feet or meters to miles.
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Updated: Nov 28, 2025

Author Spotlight: Biological Standardization to Ensure Reproducibility and Harmonization in Research
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Author Spotlight: Biological Standardization to Ensure Reproducibility and Harmonization in Research

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Harmonization and Standardization: Where Are We Now?

W Greg Miller1, Neil Greenberg2

  • 1Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA.

The Journal of Applied Laboratory Medicine
|November 26, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

New medical laboratory standards aim to harmonize test results for improved patient diagnosis and risk assessment. These advancements in metrological traceability ensure reliable data across different measurement procedures, enhancing clinical decision-making.

Keywords:
Calibration hierarchycommutabilityharmonizationmetrological traceabilitystandardization

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Area of Science:

  • Clinical laboratory science
  • Metrology
  • Medical diagnostics

Background:

  • Medical laboratory tests aid in patient diagnosis, therapy, and disease risk assessment.
  • Harmonization ensures equivalent results from different measurement procedures (MPs) for reliable medical decisions.
  • Standardization achieves harmonization through metrological traceability to reference materials or procedures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review metrological traceability in medical laboratory testing.
  • To evaluate new approaches for harmonizing clinical sample results.

Main Methods:

  • Review of 2020 International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (IFCC) procedures.
  • Analysis of ISO 17511:2020 requirements for traceable calibration hierarchies.
  • Examination of ISO 21151:2020 harmonization protocols for unassailable measurands.
  • Consideration of IFCC Working Group on Commutability recommendations for reference material correction.

Main Results:

  • New ISO and IFCC procedures enhance harmonization and standardization capabilities.
  • Revised requirements facilitate metrologically traceable calibration hierarchies for end-user MPs.
  • Harmonization protocols address situations lacking certified reference materials.
  • Commutability corrections improve the use of reference materials in calibration.

Conclusions:

  • These new approaches significantly improve the ability to achieve harmonized results for clinical samples.
  • Enhanced metrological traceability is key to reliable medical decision-making.
  • The reviewed standards and recommendations advance the field of laboratory medicine.