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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 28, 2025

Author Spotlight: Controlled Human Exposure Model for Tick Research and Lyme Disease Studies
04:47

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Validating a common tick survey method: cloth-dragging and line transects.

Pia L Kjellander1, Malin Aronsson2,3, Ulrika A Bergvall2

  • 1Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden. pia.kjellander@liu.se.

Experimental & Applied Acarology
|November 26, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cloth-dragging is a reliable method for surveying ticks, particularly for estimating nymph abundance. Its effectiveness, repeatability, and agreement vary by tick density and life stage.

Keywords:
DraggingIxodesRepeatabilityTickTotal deviation indexValidation

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Area of Science:

  • Vector ecology
  • Medical entomology
  • Wildlife disease ecology

Background:

  • Cloth-dragging is the primary method for tick collection and counting.
  • Limited studies exist on the reliability of the cloth-dragging technique.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the developmental stage-specific repeatability, agreement, and precision of cloth-dragging for tick abundance estimation.
  • To compare the efficacy of cloth-dragging in areas with differing tick densities.

Main Methods:

  • A replicated line transects survey method using cloth-dragging was applied in two Swedish areas with distinct Ixodes ricinus tick densities (low at Grimsö, high at Bogesund).
  • Repeatability was assessed using the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC), agreement with the Total Deviation Index (TDI), and precision by the coefficient of variation (CV).

Main Results:

  • Repeatability (ICC) and agreement (TDI) were higher for nymphs and in the area with higher tick abundance (Bogesund).
  • At Bogesund, ICC ranged from 0.22 to 0.75 (fair to substantial), and TDI ranged from 1 to 44.5 (moderate agreement).
  • At Grimsö, ICC ranged from 0 to 0.59 (poor to moderate), and TDI was ≤1 (high agreement). Precision for nymphs was maintained at lower densities with increased dragging effort.

Conclusions:

  • The cloth-dragging technique is effective for surveying ticks, especially for estimating nymphal abundance.
  • The method is less recommended for larvae and adult ticks due to lower reliability and agreement.