Poliomyelitis: late and unusual sequelae

The purpose of this study is to provide a thorough and comprehensive description of the late onset manifestations of poliomyelitis (PM). In addition, unusual findings, seen in the post-poliomyelitis period, have been presented to further increase awareness of the potential diversity of the problem. The scope of PM sequelae is broad. Following a description of acute PM, the various sequelae are addressed categorically. These include neurologic, vascular, orthopedic, respiratory, sleep and psychologic problems; as well as less commonly recognized maladies. Different theories for PM sequelae have been proposed. Thorough electrodiagnostic testing can frequently confirm or negate the clinical impression. The pathophysiology of vascular problems, as well as the correlation between respiratory involvement, sleep disorders, and hypertension, is reviewed. Orthopedic problems and spinal deformities are discussed. Since overuse weakness is frequently present in these patients, the role of slowly progressive non-fatiguing exercise in their rehabilitation is emphasized. Of significance are the emotional concerns demonstrated by this group of patients. Further considerations include those sequelae not readily recognized in relation to PM. A brief overview of present epidemiologic trends in the United States, and the immunologic effects of vaccination, is presented.