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Related Concept Videos

Physiology of Enteric Nervous System and Gut Health01:05

Physiology of Enteric Nervous System and Gut Health

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The gastrointestinal tract, responsible for the digestion and absorption of nutrients, is safeguarded by the intestinal barrier, which consists of secretory, physical, and immune components. At the forefront is the secretory barrier, composed of essential elements such as mucus, gut microbiota, and defense proteins. They collaborate to break down food particles, facilitate nutrient absorption, and maintain optimal gut health. These secretory components ensure the smooth functioning of the...
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Nociception01:44

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Nociception—the ability to feel pain—is essential for an organism’s survival and overall well-being. Noxious stimuli such as piercing pain from a sharp object, heat from an open flame, or contact with corrosive chemicals are first detected by sensory receptors, called nociceptors, located on nerve endings. Nociceptors express ion channels that convert noxious stimuli into electrical signals. When these signals reach the brain via sensory neurons, they are perceived as pain.
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Anatomy of the Intestines01:23

Anatomy of the Intestines

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Although digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids may begin in the stomach, it is completed in the intestine. The absorption of nutrients, water, and electrolytes from food and drink also occurs in the intestine. The intestines can be divided into two structurally distinct organs—the small and large intestines.
Small Intestines
The small intestine is an ~7 meter-long tube with an inner diameter of just 2.5 cm. Since most nutrients are absorbed here, the inner lining of the...
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Bacterial Flora of the Large Intestine01:29

Bacterial Flora of the Large Intestine

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The gut microbiome is formed by a vast and diverse community of bacteria that colonizes our large intestine. These bacteria start residing in the gut from birth and continue diversifying throughout life, influenced by factors such as diet, lifestyle, and stress. The gut bacterial community also includes bacteria from food and those that enter the colon through the anus.
The normal gut flora of the colon plays a critical role in generating essential vitamins such as vitamins K, B5, and B7.
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Irritable Bowel Syndrome I: Introduction01:17

Irritable Bowel Syndrome I: Introduction

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Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is characterized by functional disturbances in the gastrointestinal system, presenting a cluster of symptoms without evident structural or biochemical abnormalities. It primarily affects the large intestine and may cause abdominal pain, bloating, excessive gas, diarrhea, constipation, or both.
IBS is a chronic condition that can persist over a long period or recur frequently.
The pathogenesis of IBS involves a complex interplay of the following factors:
Altered...
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Analgesia and Pain Management01:25

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Pain is critical to various clinical pathologies, provoking an urgent need for effective management. Pain, whether acute or chronic, is a complex neurochemical process. Its alleviation depends on the type, with nonopioid analgesics effective for mild to moderate pain, such as musculoskeletal or inflammatory pain, while neuropathic pain responds best to anticonvulsants, tricyclic antidepressants, or serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. For severe acute or chronic pain, opioids may be...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 28, 2025

Microbiota Analysis Using Two-step PCR and Next-generation 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing
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Microbiota Analysis Using Two-step PCR and Next-generation 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing

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Gut microbiota, immunity and pain.

Matteo Santoni1, Francesca Miccini1, Nicola Battelli1

  • 1Oncology Unit, Macerata Hospital, via Santa Lucia 2, 62100, Macerata, Italy.

Immunology Letters
|November 28, 2020
PubMed
Summary

The gut microbiota influences the nervous system and pain perception. Modulating gut bacteria with probiotics or antibiotics may help manage pain and opioid tolerance.

Area of Science:

  • Neurogastroenterology
  • Microbiome Research
  • Pain Management

Background:

  • The gut microbiota plays a crucial role in the brain-gut axis.
  • Microbiota-nervous system interactions are linked to stress, anxiety, depression, and cognition.
  • Emerging evidence highlights the gut microbiota's role in modulating pain.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the mechanisms of the brain-gut axis.
  • To explore the relationship between gut microbiota, immunity, and pain.
  • To discuss the gut microbiota's involvement in pain development and management.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on the gut microbiota and nervous system.
  • Analysis of research on the brain-gut axis.
  • Synthesis of findings on microbiota's role in visceral, inflammatory, and neuropathic pain.
Keywords:
Chronic painGut MicrobiotaOpioid toleranceProbioticsVisceral pain

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Main Results:

  • Gut microbiota is implicated in the development of various pain types.
  • Alterations in gut bacteria are linked to chronic opioid use and drug tolerance.
  • Probiotics and antibiotics show potential in restoring normal bacterial balance and mitigating tolerance.

Conclusions:

  • The gut microbiota is a significant factor in pain modulation.
  • Targeting the gut microbiota offers a novel approach for pain management.
  • Understanding the brain-gut-microbiota-immunity axis is key for future therapeutic strategies.