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Transcriptional regulators bind to specific cis-regulatory sequences in the DNA to regulate gene transcription. These cis-regulatory sequences are very short, usually less than ten nucleotide pairs in length. The short length means that there is a high probability of the exact same sequence randomly occurring throughout the genome.  Since regulators can also bind to groups of similar sequences, this further increases the chances of random binding. Transcriptional regulators form...
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Gene transcription is regulated by the synergistic action of several proteins that form a complex at a gene regulatory site. This is observed in eukaryotes, where the regulation of gene expression is a complex process. Regulatory proteins in eukaryotes can broadly be classified into two types – regulators that bind directly to specific DNA sequences and co-regulators that associate with regulatory proteins but cannot directly bind to the DNA. These co-regulators are further divided into...
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Transcription elongation is a dynamic process that alters depending upon the sequence heterogeneity of the DNA being transcribed. Hence, it is not surprising that the elongation complex's composition also varies along the way while transcribing a gene.
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Binding and folding in transcriptional complexes.

Ngaio C Smith1, Mikhail Kuravsky2, Sarah L Shammas2

  • 1School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.

Current Opinion in Structural Biology
|November 28, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Transcription factors, proteins regulating genes, often lack a fixed structure. Their intrinsic disorder influences interactions and gene regulation, guiding them to specific genomic sites.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Transcription factors are proteins that control gene expression.
  • Many transcription factors are intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs).
  • IDPs lack a stable three-dimensional structure.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the role of intrinsic disorder in transcription factor function.
  • To understand how IDPs interact with other molecules and DNA.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms of gene regulation by disordered proteins.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent studies on intrinsically disordered proteins.
  • Analysis of protein binding and folding mechanisms.
  • Investigation of electrostatic interactions and phase transitions.

Main Results:

  • Binding does not always induce folding in transcription factors; induced fit is common when folding occurs.
  • Electrostatic forces play a critical role in interactions involving IDPs.
  • Intrinsic disorder is important for phase transitions relevant to cellular processes.

Conclusions:

  • Intrinsic disorder is a key feature of transcription factors, impacting their regulatory roles.
  • Understanding IDPs provides insights into broader biological mechanisms beyond gene regulation.
  • The properties of IDPs, including their disorder, are crucial for directing them to specific genomic targets for transcriptional control.