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Related Concept Videos

Muscles for Facial Expressions01:14

Muscles for Facial Expressions

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The craniofacial muscles are a collection of approximately 20 thin skeletal muscles situated beneath the skin of the face and scalp. These muscles, primarily responsible for the vast array of human facial expressions, originate from the bones or fibrous structures of the skull and extend outwards to connect with the skin. While most skeletal muscles in the body are enveloped in thick fascia, facial muscles generally have a more delicate fascial covering, with the buccinator muscle being a...
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Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View01:14

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The superior view of the cranium shows the frontal and paired parietal bones.
The frontal bone is the single bone that forms the forehead. At its anterior midline, between the eyebrows, there is a slight depression called the glabella. The frontal bone also forms the supraorbital margin of the orbit. Near the middle of this margin is the supraorbital foramen, the opening that provides passage for a sensory nerve to the forehead. The frontal bone is thickened just above each supraorbital margin,...
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The anterior neck muscles are the group of muscles covering the front part of the neck. These muscles are classified into three subgroups. The first one is the superficial muscles, the most visible muscles in the front of the neck. It includes the platysma and sternocleidomastoid. The second group is the suprahyoid muscles, located above the hyoid bone. This group comprises the digastric, mylohyoid, geniohyoid, and stylohyoid. Lastly, the infrahyoid muscles are found below the hyoid bone and...
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Updated: Nov 28, 2025

Author Spotlight: Three-Dimensional Cephalometric Landmark Annotation Demonstration on Human Cone Beam Computed Tomography Scans
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Anatomic landmarks for masseteric nerve identification: Anatomic study for a new reference point.

Chiara Copelli1, Alfonso Manfuso1, Teodoro Aragona2

  • 1Operative Unit of Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Otolaryngology and Dentistry, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo (Fg), Italy.

Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery : JPRAS
|November 29, 2020
PubMed
Summary

The zygomatic branch of the facial nerve is a reliable landmark for identifying the masseteric nerve during facial paralysis surgery. This anatomical relationship remains constant, aiding surgical precision.

Keywords:
Anatomic landmarkFacial nerveFacial reanimationMasseteric nerveZygomatic branch

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Area of Science:

  • Anatomy
  • Neurosurgery
  • Facial Nerve Surgery

Background:

  • The masseteric nerve is a common donor for facial reinnervation.
  • Existing landmarks for masseteric nerve identification have limitations due to anatomical variability and surgical alterations.

Discussion:

  • This study identified consistent anatomical relationships between the masseteric nerve and the zygomatic branch of the facial nerve.
  • Measurements were taken during dissections of cadaveric specimens to establish these relationships.

Key Insights:

  • The main zygomatic branch of the facial nerve serves as a dependable landmark for locating the masseteric nerve.
  • The masseteric nerve consistently intersects the zygomatic branch at specific depths and distances from anatomical structures.
  • This relationship is unaffected by surgical procedures or patient-specific characteristics.

Outlook:

  • This finding can enhance the precision of facial paralysis surgeries.
  • Standardizing masseteric nerve identification may improve outcomes in facial reinnervation procedures.