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Related Concept Videos

Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications01:23

Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications

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Local anesthetics (LAs) are commonly used for various applications in medical and dental procedures. Some of the common agents used are cocaine, lidocaine, and bupivacaine.
Cocaine is an ester of benzoic acid and methylecgogine. It is used to anesthetize and vasoconstrict locally. Currently, it is used primarily for topical applications. It is beneficial for surgeries on the upper respiratory tract, providing anesthesia and shrinking the mucosa. Cocaine in the form of cocaine hydrochloride is...
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Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection,  and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
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The urea cycle describes how liver cells convert ammonia to urea. Ammonia is a toxic waste product of protein catabolism. Land animals must convert ammonia into the less toxic urea which can be safely eliminated by the kidneys through urine. Marine animals excrete ammonia directly, and the surrounding water dilutes the ammonia to safe levels.
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Asepsis is the practice of preventing or breaking the chain of infection. The nurse employs aseptic techniques to prevent the spread of microorganisms and reduce the risk of diseases. Hand hygiene is the cornerstone of aseptic techniques and is classified into medical and surgical asepsis. Medical asepsis includes hand hygiene and the use of gloves. Surgical asepsis, or the sterile technique, refers to practices that render and keep objects and areas free of microorganisms.
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Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Surface, Infiltration, and Conduction Block Anesthesia01:30

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Depending on the target organ, local anesthetics (LAs) can be administered via various routes. In surface anesthesia, LAs are applied directly to the surface of the skin or mucous membranes. It is widely used for topical skin numbing before venipuncture or minor surgical procedures. Commonly used surface local anesthetics are lidocaine or benzocaine sprays or creams. Surface anesthesia occurs within 5 minutes and lasts for about 60 minutes. One of the main disadvantages of topical anesthesia is...
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Local Anesthetics: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship01:27

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Local anesthetics (LAs) are drugs that induce a temporary loss of sensation in a limited body area, preventing pain. Cocaine was the first local anesthetic discovered in the late 19th century. Cocaine is a benzoic acid ester obtained from the leaves of coca shrubs and was often used for its psychotropic effects. Cocaine was first isolated in 1860 by Albert Niemann. Sigmund Freud studied the physiological actions of cocaine. Carl Koller later introduced it into clinical practice in 1884 as a...
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Urea-containing topical formulations.

Maria Carmela Annunziata1, Sara Cacciapuoti1, Chiara Cosentino2

  • 1Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Section of Dermatology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.

International Journal of Clinical Practice
|November 29, 2020
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Urea is a versatile topical agent used as a moisturizer and keratolytic. Various formulations and concentrations are available globally, requiring careful selection based on dermatological condition and patient needs.

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Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Cosmetic Science

Background:

  • Urea is a widely recognized topical agent with moisturizing and keratolytic properties.
  • Its application in dermatology is extensive, leading to diverse product formulations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the various formulations and concentrations of topical urea available.
  • To provide guidance on selecting appropriate urea formulations for different dermatological conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of available urea formulations.
  • Analysis of urea concentrations and vehicle types (lotions, creams, foams, ointments, gels, lacquers).

Main Results:

  • Urea products are accessible worldwide in low, medium, and high concentrations.
  • Different formulations and concentrations cater to various dermatological needs.

Conclusions:

  • The choice of urea formulation should be individualized.
  • Consideration of the specific disorder, severity, affected body areas, and patient preferences is crucial for optimal treatment outcomes.