Related Experiment Video
Updated: Nov 28, 2025
Therapy Interventions for Upper Limb Amputees Undergoing Selective Nerve Transfers
Published on: October 29, 2021
Rehabilitation of high upper limb amputees after Targeted Muscle Reinnervation
Agnes Sturma1, Tanja Stamm2, Laura A Hruby3
1Clinical Laboratory for Bionic Extremity Reconstruction, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Health Assisting Engineering, University of Applied Sciences FH Campus Wien, Vienna, Austria.
Study Design:
This is a Delphi study based on a scoping literature review.
Introduction:
Targeted muscle reinnervation (TMR) enables patients with high upper limb amputations to intuitively control a prosthetic arm with up to six independent control signals. Although there is a broad agreement regarding the importance of structured motor learning and prosthetic training after such nerve transfers, to date, no evidence-based protocol for rehabilitation after TMR exists.
Purpose Of The Study:
We aimed at developing a structured rehabilitation protocol after TMR surgery after major upper limb amputation. The purpose of the protocol is to guide clinicians through the full rehabilitation process, from presurgical patient education to functional prosthetic training.
Methods:
European clinicians and researchers working in upper limb prosthetic rehabilitation were invited to contribute to a web-based Delphi study. Within the first round, clinical experts were presented a summary of recent literature and were asked to describe the rehabilitation steps based on their own experience and scientific evidence. The second round was used to refine these steps, while the importance of each step was rated within the third round.
Results:
Experts agreed on a rehabilitation protocol that consists of 16 steps and starts before surgery. It is based on two overarching principles, namely the necessity of multiprofessional teamwork and a careful selection and education of patients within the rehabilitation team. Among the different steps in therapy, experts rated the training with electromyographic biofeedback as the most important one.
Discussion:
Within this study, a first rehabilitation protocol for TMR patients based on a broad experts' consensus and relevant literature could be developed. The detailed steps for rehabilitation start well before surgery and prosthetic fitting, and include relatively novel interventions as motor imagery and biofeedback. Future studies need to further investigate the clinical outcomes and thereby improve therapists' practice.
Conclusion:
Graded rehabilitation offered by a multiprofessional team is needed to enable individuals with upper limb amputations and TMR to fully benefit from prosthetic reconstruction.
Level Of Evidence:
Low.
