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Related Concept Videos

Skin Cancer01:30

Skin Cancer

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Skin cancer is a type of cancer that occurs when there is an abnormal growth of skin cells, usually triggered by damage to the DNA within the skin cells. It is primarily caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or artificial sources like tanning beds. Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer worldwide, and its incidence continues to rise.
Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC): BCC is the most common type of skin cancer, accounting for about 80% of cases. It typically develops in...
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Cells of the Epidermis01:24

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The epidermis is made of four or five layers of epithelial cells, depending on its location in the body. From deep to superficial, these layers are the stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and stratum corneum.
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Mitogens and their receptors play a crucial role in controlling the progression of the cell cycle. However, the loss of mitogenic control over cell division leads to tumor formation. Therefore, mitogens and mitogen receptors play an important role in cancer research. For instance, the epidermal growth factor (EGF) - a type of mitogen and its transmembrane receptor (EGFR), decides the fate of the cell's proliferation. When EGF binds to EGFR, a member of the ErbB family of tyrosine kinase...
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Updated: Nov 28, 2025

Merkel Cell Polyomavirus Infection and Detection
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Merkel Cell Polyomavirus Infection and Detection

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Merkel cell carcinoma.

P Patel1, K Hussain2

  • 1Department of Medicine, The Hillingdon Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.

Clinical and Experimental Dermatology
|November 30, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare, aggressive skin cancer. Immune checkpoint inhibitors like avelumab show promise for treating metastatic MCC, offering new hope for patients with advanced disease.

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Combining Reflectance Confocal Microscopy with Optical Coherence Tomography for Noninvasive Diagnosis of Skin Cancers via Image Acquisition
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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Dermatology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare, aggressive cutaneous neuroendocrine tumor primarily affecting individuals over 50.
  • Key risk factors include Merkel cell polyomavirus infection, immunosuppression, and ultraviolet radiation exposure.
  • MCC typically presents as a rapidly growing erythematous nodule on sun-exposed skin.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, staging, and treatment of Merkel cell carcinoma.
  • To highlight the role of immunohistochemistry and sentinel lymph node biopsy in MCC management.
  • To discuss the emerging role of immune checkpoint inhibitors in treating metastatic MCC.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical presentation and diagnostic criteria for MCC.
  • Description of histopathological and immunohistochemical features (cytokeratin-20).
  • Overview of staging procedures (sentinel lymph node biopsy, imaging) and treatment modalities.

Main Results:

  • MCC diagnosis relies on clinical examination, biopsy, and characteristic neuroendocrine features.
  • Immunohistochemistry, particularly cytokeratin-20 staining, is crucial for differentiating MCC.
  • Sentinel lymph node biopsy and imaging are essential for accurate staging and prognosis.
  • Surgical excision and adjuvant radiotherapy are mainstays for localized disease.
  • Immune checkpoint inhibitors, such as avelumab, demonstrate promise in metastatic MCC treatment.

Conclusions:

  • Early diagnosis and accurate staging are critical for Merkel cell carcinoma management.
  • While surgery and radiotherapy are standard for localized disease, metastatic MCC has a poor prognosis.
  • Avelumab offers a new treatment option for advanced Merkel cell carcinoma, particularly after chemotherapy failure.