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    Area of Science:

    • Human-Computer Interaction
    • Virtual Reality
    • Robotics

    Background:

    • Virtual reality (VR) is crucial for studying human movement and crowd simulations.
    • Current VR studies often lack realistic collision feedback, limiting interaction analysis.
    • Wearable haptics offer a potential solution for rendering realistic contact sensations in VR.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the impact of wearable haptic feedback on virtual crowd navigation behavior.
    • To analyze behavioral changes during navigation with and without haptic collision rendering.
    • To identify potential after-effects of haptic feedback in VR crowd simulations.

    Main Methods:

    • An experiment was conducted with 23 participants navigating a virtual train station.
    • Participants experienced navigation conditions without haptics, with haptics, and without haptics again.
    • Behavioral changes and realism were assessed across the different haptic feedback conditions.

    Main Results:

    • Haptic feedback significantly improved the realism of virtual crowd interactions.
    • Participants actively avoided collisions more frequently when haptic feedback was enabled.
    • A significant after-effect was observed when haptic feedback was removed after being introduced.

    Conclusions:

    • Wearable haptics can effectively enhance the realism of crowd navigation in virtual reality.
    • Haptic feedback influences user behavior, leading to more cautious navigation and collision avoidance.
    • While enhancing realism, haptic feedback did not significantly impact presence or embodiment in this study.