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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 28, 2025

Non-Viral Engineering of Primary Human T Cells via Homology-Mediated End-Joining Targeted Integration of Large DNA Templates
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Improving CAR T-cells: The next generation.

Andrew H Marple1, Challice L Bonifant2, Nirali N Shah3

  • 1Department of Medical Oncology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD.

Seminars in Hematology
|December 1, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy offers high remission rates for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). However, challenges like relapse and resistance necessitate next-generation CAR T-cell engineering for durable patient outcomes.

Keywords:
CAR T-cell therapyImmunotherapyResistance

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunotherapy
  • Cellular Therapy

Background:

  • Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has revolutionized acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) treatment.
  • FDA approval of CD19 CAR T-cell therapy is a significant advancement for relapsed/refractory ALL.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current limitations of CAR T-cell therapy in ALL.
  • To discuss advancements in CAR T-cell engineering for improved outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of CAR T-cell therapy in ALL.
  • Analysis of barriers to long-term remission.
  • Overview of next-generation CAR T-cell designs.

Main Results:

  • CAR T-cell therapy demonstrates high remission induction rates (>70%) in ALL.
  • Relapse, resistance, and loss of T-cell persistence are key challenges.
  • Ongoing engineering efforts aim to overcome these limitations.

Conclusions:

  • Next-generation CAR T-cells are being developed to enhance durability and efficacy.
  • Improved CAR T-cell persistence and overcoming resistance are critical for long-term ALL remission.