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Protein glycosylation starts in the ER lumen and continues in the Golgi apparatus. Glycosyltransferases catalyze the addition of sugar molecules or glycosylation of proteins. Usually, these enzymes add sugars to the hydroxyl groups of selected serine or threonine residues to form O-linked glycans or the amino groups of asparagine residues to form N-linked glycans. Different positions on the same polypeptide chain can contain differently linked glycans.
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Polysaccharides such as glycogen and starch are synthesized from nucleoside diphosphate sugars, primarily uridine diphosphate glucose (UDPG) and adenosine diphosphate glucose (ADPG). These activated glucose donors act as key intermediates in carbohydrate metabolism and biosynthesis. UDPG primarily involves glycogen synthesis in animals and many bacteria, while ADPG plays a fundamental role in starch synthesis in plants and certain bacteria.UDPG is formed when glucose-1-phosphate reacts with...
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Glycosylation, the most common post-translational modification for proteins, serves diverse functions. Adding sugars to proteins makes the proteins more resistant to proteolytic digestion. Glycosylated proteins can act as markers and receptors to promote cell-cell adhesion. Additionally, they have many essential quality control functions in the cell, such as correct protein folding and facilitating transport of misfolded proteins to the cytosol, which can be degraded.
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Carbohydrates are an essential part of the diet in humans and animals. Grains, fruits, and vegetables are natural sources of carbohydrates that provide energy to the body, particularly through glucose, a simple sugar that is a component of starch and an ingredient in many staple foods. The stoichiometric formula (CH2O)n, where n is the number of carbons in the molecule represents carbohydrates. In other words, the ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen is 1:2:1 in carbohydrate molecules. This...
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Prebiotic mannooligosaccharides: Synthesis, characterization and bioactive properties.

Uttam Kumar Jana1, Rahul Kumar Suryawanshi1, Bhanu Pratap Prajapati1

  • 1Department of Microbiology, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar, MP 470003, India.

Food Chemistry
|December 1, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mannooligosaccharides (MOS), emerging prebiotics, offer health benefits and can be produced from agro-residues using microbial mannanases. Their applications in food and feed industries are expanding due to their prebiotic, anticancer, and immunomodulatory properties.

Keywords:
AnticancerMannanMannanaseMannooligosaccharideMicrofloraNutraceuticalPrebioticProbiotic

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Area of Science:

  • Food Science
  • Biotechnology
  • Nutrition

Background:

  • Functional oligosaccharides, like mannooligosaccharides (MOS), are non-digestible food ingredients with significant health benefits.
  • MOS are recognized as emerging prebiotics with potential bioactive properties, particularly in promoting gut health.
  • Current commercial MOS production primarily utilizes yeast cell wall mannan for feed supplements.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in the enzymatic synthesis of MOS from various mannan sources.
  • To discuss the structural characteristics of MOS derived through enzymatic hydrolysis.
  • To explore the potential health benefits and applications of MOS in the food and feed industries.

Main Methods:

  • Enzymatic hydrolysis of mannan-rich agro-residues using microbial mannanases is the preferred method for MOS production.
  • Analysis of structural characteristics of synthesized MOS.
  • Review of studies on MOS's biological activities, including prebiotic effects, immunomodulation, and anticancer properties.

Main Results:

  • Enzymatic hydrolysis offers a preferred route for MOS production over chemical methods.
  • MOS derived from various mannans exhibit prebiotic effects, stimulating probiotic microflora growth.
  • MOS demonstrate potential anticancer and immunomodulatory effects by influencing gene expression in colon cells.

Conclusions:

  • Enzymatic synthesis provides a viable and preferred method for producing MOS from diverse mannan sources.
  • MOS hold significant promise as functional food ingredients with broad applications in human and animal nutrition.
  • Further research into MOS structural characteristics and health benefits can unlock new opportunities in the food and feed sectors.