Related Experiment Video
Updated: Nov 28, 2025
Simulator Training for Endovascular Neurosurgery
Published on: May 6, 2020
Long-Term Effects of Mental Training on Manual and Cognitive Skills in Surgical Education - A Prospective Study
Julia C Kaulfuss1, Luis A Kluth2, Phillip Marks3
1Department of Urology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Department of Urology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.
Objectives:
Limited training opportunities and expanding requirements are challenging surgical education, calling for alternative training methods like simulation or mental training. The aim of this study is to evaluate short- and long-term effects of a structured mental training on surgical performance.
Design:
Medical students without laparoscopic experience were randomly assigned to 3 groups: (1) control (2) video training, and (3) video plus mental training performing 2 E-BLUS (European Training in Basic Laparoscopic Urological Skills) exercises, "peg transfer" (PT) and "cutting a circle" (CC). Group 3 performed a structured mental training course (identification of procedural key steps, relaxation, mental vocalization, and imaging). Longitudinal assessment including binominal checklists, global rating scales (GRS), procedural times, and Test of Performance Strategies (TOPS) were performed at baseline, day 2, 14, and after 16 months. Statistical analysis included ANOVA and general linear models with repeated measures.
Setting:
The study was conducted in "Olympus Training and Education Center Hamburg West" and "Endo Club Academy" at the University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf.
Participants:
Participants were eligible if they were medical students with no experience in laparoscopy. 24 participants were recruited and finished the study.
Results:
The mental training group maintained significantly better GRS scores at 16 months for PT (mean score 24.6 [95% CI: 21-28.25]) and CC (mean score 22.5 [18.4-26.6]) (both p < 0.01) and performed faster in the latter (261 seconds [Std. Dev 116] vs. 427 seconds [SD 132] vs. 368 seconds [SD 78]) compared to the other groups (p = 0.004). Longitudinally, mental training had a significant effect on TOPS scores and procedural times (p < 0.001 and p = 0.005, respectively).
Conclusion:
In addition to short time efficacy, our study is the first to ascertain a positive long-term effect of mental training on manual and cognitive skills and might be a useful and cost-effective tool in surgical education.
