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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Tactile senses encompass touch, temperature, and pain, each mediated by specific receptors. Touch receptors detect mechanical energy or pressure against the skin. Sensory fibers from these receptors enter the spinal cord and relay information to the brain stem. Here, most fibers cross over to the opposite side of the brain. The touch information then moves to the thalamus, which projects a map of the body's surface onto the somatosensory areas of the parietal lobes in the cerebral cortex.
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The limbic system, often called the "emotional brain," is a complex set of structures located deep within the brain. The intricate network of the limbic system supports a wide range of psychological functions, from emotional regulation to memory formation and sensory processing. This functional brain region encompasses specific parts of the diencephalon and the cerebrum, integrating the higher mental functions of the cerebral cortex with the primitive emotional responses of the deep brain...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 28, 2025

Author Spotlight: Exploring Olfactory Influences on Corticospinal Excitability - Insights and Innovations in Neurological Research
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Mindfulness, Interoception, and Olfaction: A Network Approach.

Barbara Lefranc1,2, Charles Martin-Krumm1,2,3, Charlotte Aufauvre-Poupon4

  • 1APEMAC/EPSAM, EA 4360, Ile du Saulcy, BP 30309, CEDEX 1, 57006 Metz, France.

Brain Sciences
|December 2, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Mindfulness disposition (MD) enhances emotional functioning by improving interoception (body awareness) and exteroception (external senses), particularly olfaction. Higher MD correlates with better emotional states and sensory perception, suggesting a mindful attention style benefits health.

Keywords:
causal networkclusteringinteroceptionmindfulnessolfaction

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychology
  • Sensory Science

Background:

  • The brain-body interplay is crucial for environmental adaptation.
  • Mindfulness Disposition (MD) is linked to emotional efficiency via interoception.
  • Interoception influences responses to external stimuli like olfaction, but its relation to MD and exteroception is understudied.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between Mindfulness Disposition (MD) and enhanced exteroception.
  • To explore the causal network connecting mindfulness, interoception, emotion, and olfactory perception (subjective and objective).

Main Methods:

  • Exploratory study involving 76 healthy subjects.
  • Clustering analysis to define high MD profiles.
  • Causal network analysis to map interrelationships between mindfulness, interoception, emotion, and olfaction.

Main Results:

  • High MD subjects demonstrated superior performance in positive emotions, interoception, and exteroceptive acuity.
  • Causal network analysis revealed MD-dependent differences in interoception subscale interactions.
  • Interoception awareness strongly correlated with MD and the hedonic value of odors.

Conclusions:

  • Mindfulness disposition influences the integration of interoceptive and exteroceptive information.
  • Higher MD may foster a mindful attention style towards bodily cues and external sensory input.
  • This integrated sensory processing may contribute to positive health outcomes.