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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 27, 2025

Extraction and Detection of Geosmin and 2-Methylisoborneol in Water and Fish using High-Capacity Sorptive Extraction Probes and GC-MS
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Emerging organic compounds in European groundwater.

S Y Bunting1, D J Lapworth1, E J Crane1

  • 1British Geological Survey, Maclean Building, Wallingford, OX10 8BB, UK.

Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)
|December 2, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Emerging organic compounds (EOCs) like pharmaceuticals are increasingly found in European groundwater. This review highlights data gaps and calls for unified monitoring strategies to inform regulation.

Keywords:
Compounds of concernEmerging organic chemicalsEnvironmental exposureGroundwater contaminantsGroundwater hazards

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Hydrogeology
  • Environmental Chemistry

Background:

  • Emerging organic compounds (EOCs) in groundwater represent a growing concern in Europe.
  • Prioritization for EOC monitoring was formalized in 2019 with the first voluntary groundwater watch list (GWWL).
  • Existing groundwater occurrence data for EOCs in Europe lacks a comprehensive literature review.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compile and review evidence on EOC occurrence in European groundwater since 2012.
  • To identify data gaps and inform a unified European strategy for EOC classification and monitoring.
  • To support the development of EU and national regulations for EOCs in groundwater.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature review of published studies on EOCs in European groundwater from 2012 onwards.
  • Selection criteria included geography, publication date, sample size > 10, and inclusion of EOC data.
  • Compilation and review of data on specific compounds and associated metadata from 39 identified studies.

Main Results:

  • Carbamazepine and caffeine were the most frequently detected EOCs, found at concentrations up to 2.3 and 14.8 μg/L, respectively.
  • Pharmaceuticals were the most frequently reported EOC category, with 135 compounds identified across 31 studies.
  • Most studies (23) were regional, and analytical methods varied, influencing EOC assessment.

Conclusions:

  • A correlation exists between the number of compounds analyzed and detected, indicating a need for broader studies.
  • Further large-scale studies are required across Europe to understand EOC occurrence and impacts.
  • Enhanced understanding of EOCs in groundwater is crucial for developing effective EU and national regulations.