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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Overview01:20

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Overview

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Atomic emission spectroscopy (AES) is an analytical technique used to determine the elemental composition of a sample by analyzing the light emitted from excited atoms. In AES, atoms in a sample are excited to higher energy levels by thermal energy from high-temperature sources, such as plasma, arcs, or sparks. When these excited atoms return to lower energy states, they emit light at specific wavelengths characteristic of each element. The resulting atomic emission spectrum, which consists of...
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Emission Spectra02:39

Emission Spectra

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When solids, liquids, or condensed gases are heated sufficiently, they radiate some of the excess energy as light. Photons produced in this manner have a range of energies, and thereby produce a continuous spectrum in which an unbroken series of wavelengths is present.
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Turnover Number and Catalytic Efficiency01:19

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The turnover number of an enzyme is the maximum number of substrate molecules it can transform per unit time. Turnover numbers for most enzymes range from 1 to 1000 molecules per second. Catalase has the known highest turnover number, capable of converting up to 2.8×106 molecules of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen per second. Lysozyme has the lowest known turnover number of half a molecule per second.
Chymotrypsin is a pancreatic enzyme that breaks down proteins during digestion....
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Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

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The instrumentation of atomic emission spectrometry (AES) involves various components, including atomization devices that convert samples into gas-phase atoms and ions. There are two main types of atomization devices: continuous and discrete atomizers.  Continuous atomizers, like plasmas and flames, introduce samples in a constant stream, while discrete atomizers inject individual samples using syringes or autosamplers. The most common discrete atomizer is the electrothermal atomizer.
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Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Lab01:29

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Lab

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AES is a powerful analytical technique, especially effective when used with plasma sources, producing abundant spectra in characteristic emission lines. The Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP), in particular, yields superior quantitative analytical data due to its high stability, low noise, low background, and minimal interferences under optimal experimental conditions. However, newer air-operated microwave sources are emerging as promising alternatives that could be more cost-effective than...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 27, 2025

Implementation of Portable Emissions Measurement Systems PEMS for the Real-driving Emissions RDE Regulation in Europe
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Emission factor development for light-duty vehicles based on real-world emissions using emission map-based

Jigu Seo1, Jisu Park1, Junhong Park2

  • 1Graduate School of Hanyang University, 222 Wangwimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea.

Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)
|December 2, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Accurate transport emission factors are crucial for air quality management. This study developed new emission factors using real-world data and map-based simulations, revealing the significant impact of Real Driving Emission regulations.

Keywords:
Emission factorEmission mapLongitudinal vehicle dynamicsReal-world emissionSimulation model

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Automotive Engineering
  • Atmospheric Chemistry

Background:

  • Transport emission factors link vehicle activity to pollutant release, vital for air quality and climate change mitigation.
  • Accurate estimation of vehicle emissions is essential for informed environmental policy decisions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop accurate transport emission factors for CO2, NOx, and CO using real-world data.
  • To assess the influence of various factors, including Real Driving Emission (RDE) regulations, on emission factors.
  • To present an improved methodology for simulating vehicle emissions based on real-world measurements.

Main Methods:

  • Map-based simulations utilizing emission maps derived from Portable Emission Measurement System (PEMS) data.
  • Vehicle dynamic-based simulation models were employed to calculate emission factors.
  • Emission factors were categorized by fuel type, emission regulation, aftertreatment system, and engine displacement.

Main Results:

  • The introduction of Real Driving Emission (RDE) regulation demonstrated the most significant impact on emission factors.
  • For diesel light-duty vehicles (LDVs), Euro 6 d-temp (RDE-compliant) exhibited lower NOx and CO emissions compared to Euro 5 and Euro 6 b/c.
  • Conversely, CO2 emission factors for Euro 6 d-temp LDVs were higher than for Euro 5 and Euro 6 b/c vehicles.

Conclusions:

  • The study successfully developed and validated transport emission factors using a novel simulation approach.
  • Real Driving Emission regulations have a substantial effect on pollutant and CO2 emissions from vehicles.
  • The proposed methodology enhances the simulation of vehicle emissions by integrating real-world data.