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Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

899
Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Metastasis02:30

Metastasis

6.1K
Metastasis is the spread of cancer cells from the original site to distant locations in the body. Cancer cells can spread via blood vessels (hematogenous) as well as lymph vessels in the body.
Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition
The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition or EMT is a developmental process commonly observed in wound healing, embryogenesis, and cancer metastasis. EMT is induced by transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) or receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) ligands, which further...
6.1K
Cancer Vaccines01:30

Cancer Vaccines

677
Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...
677
The Tumor Microenvironment02:17

The Tumor Microenvironment

7.3K
Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...
7.3K
Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

Targeted Cancer Therapies

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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
There are several types of targeted therapies against...
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Mitogens and the Cell Cycle02:38

Mitogens and the Cell Cycle

7.4K
Mitogens and their receptors play a crucial role in controlling the progression of the cell cycle. However, the loss of mitogenic control over cell division leads to tumor formation. Therefore, mitogens and mitogen receptors play an important role in cancer research. For instance, the epidermal growth factor (EGF) - a type of mitogen and its transmembrane receptor (EGFR), decides the fate of the cell's proliferation. When EGF binds to EGFR, a member of the ErbB family of tyrosine kinase...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 27, 2025

A Robust Discovery Platform for the Identification of Novel Mediators of Melanoma Metastasis
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A Robust Discovery Platform for the Identification of Novel Mediators of Melanoma Metastasis

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Emerging immunotherapies for metastasis.

Sarah C Edwards1,2, Wilma H M Hoevenaar1,2, Seth B Coffelt3,4

  • 1Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, UK.

British Journal of Cancer
|December 2, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Cancer immunotherapy, including immune checkpoint inhibitors, shows promise for metastatic disease. Research is exploring new targets to overcome resistance and improve patient outcomes in refractory cases.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunology
  • Cancer Research

Background:

  • Cancer immunotherapy has advanced, offering new ways to combat metastatic disease.
  • Immune checkpoint inhibitors (e.g., anti-CTLA-4, anti-PD-1) are successful but face limitations like patient resistance.
  • New immunotherapeutic targets are needed for patients unresponsive to current treatments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review experimental findings on modulating immune responses against metastasis.
  • To highlight strategies for enhancing anti-tumour immunity and overcoming immunosuppression.
  • To discuss challenges in translating immunotherapy research into clinical practice for metastatic cancer.

Main Methods:

  • Review of experimental model systems demonstrating immune response modulation.
  • Focus on molecules that enhance anti-tumour immune cells.
  • Exploration of strategies to block immunosuppression and utilize cell-based therapies.

Main Results:

  • Modulating immune responses can inhibit metastasis formation.
  • Identifying molecules that boost anti-tumour immunity is crucial.
  • Cell-based therapies show potential for solid tumours.

Conclusions:

  • Further research into novel immunotherapeutic targets is essential for metastatic cancer.
  • Overcoming resistance to current immunotherapies is a key challenge.
  • Translating experimental findings into clinical practice requires addressing several hurdles.