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Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
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Interfacial electrochemical methods focus on the phenomena occurring at the boundary between an electrode and a solution, as opposed to bulk methods that concentrate on the solution's overall properties. These interfacial methods are classified as either static or dynamic based on the presence of a nonzero current in the electrochemical cell and the consistency of analyte concentrations. Static methods, such as potentiometry, measure the cell's potential without any significant current...
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When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
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An element composed of atoms that readily lose electrons (a metal) can react with an element composed of atoms that readily gain electrons (a nonmetal) to produce ions through complete electron transfer. The compound formed by this transfer is stabilized by the electrostatic attractions (ionic bonds) between the oppositely charged ions.
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In ordinary chemical reactions, the nucleus — which contains the protons and neutrons of each atom and thus identifies the element — remains unchanged. Electrons, however, can be added to atoms by transfer from other atoms, lost by transfer to other atoms, or shared with other atoms. The transfer and sharing of electrons among atoms govern the chemistry of the elements. During the formation of some compounds, atoms gain or lose electrons to form electrically charged particles called...
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Writing and Low-Temperature Characterization of Oxide Nanostructures
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Identifying Ionic and Electronic Charge Transfer at Oxide Heterointerfaces.

Marc-André Rose1,2, Břetislav Šmíd3, Mykhailo Vorokhta3

  • 1Institute for Electronic Materials (IWE 2), and Juelich-Aachen Research Alliance for Fundamentals on Future Information Technology (JARA-FIT), RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|December 2, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Investigating oxide heterointerfaces like LaAlO3/SrTiO3 reveals how ionic rearrangements influence electronic properties. Oxygen exposure alters cation vacancies and electron concentration, impacting interfacial conductivity and magnetism.

Keywords:
2D electron-gasescharge-transferin situ spectroscopymesoscopic transportoxide heterointerfaces

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Growth and Electrostatic/chemical Properties of Metal/LaAlO3/SrTiO3 Heterostructures
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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Surface Science

Background:

  • Tailoring oxide heterointerfaces yields novel properties in low-dimensional systems.
  • Understanding these properties relies on electronic charge transfer, influenced by ionic constitution and defect structure.
  • The interplay between ionic and electronic structures at interfaces is critical but challenging to quantify.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To simultaneously investigate the electronic and ionic structure at the LaAlO3/SrTiO3 heterointerface.
  • To deconvolute ionic and electronic charge transfer in response to oxygen atmosphere at elevated temperatures.
  • To elucidate the role of ionic phenomena in the electronic transport and magnetic properties of oxide interfaces.

Main Methods:

  • In situ photoemission spectroscopy under controlled oxygen ambient at elevated temperatures.
  • Simultaneous investigation of electronic and ionic structure.
  • Analysis of charge transfer phenomena in response to varying oxygen partial pressures.

Main Results:

  • Oxygen exposure leads to ionic rearrangement in the strontium cation sublattice, depleting the interfacial electron gas.
  • An inverse and reversible balance between cation vacancies and electrons was observed.
  • Ionic species mobility is significantly enhanced at the interface compared to the bulk.
  • Interfacial electronic transport and magnetic properties are demonstrably altered by these ionic phenomena.

Conclusions:

  • Ionic rearrangements play a crucial role in modulating electronic properties at oxide heterointerfaces.
  • The LaAlO3/SrTiO3 interface exhibits a dynamic ionic and electronic response to oxygen atmosphere.
  • Understanding and controlling ionic behavior is key to engineering novel functionalities in oxide heterostructures.