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Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
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Roles of Electrolytes: Calcium and Phosphate01:27

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Major Hormones and Their Functions01:27

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Updated: Nov 27, 2025

Generation of Hypoparathyroid Rats via Carbon-Nanoparticle-Assisted Parathyroidectomy
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Lithium-associated hyperparathyroidism.

Simon Mifsud1, Kyle Cilia2, Emma L Mifsud2

  • 1Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Mater Dei Hospital, Msida, Malta.

British Journal of Hospital Medicine (London, England : 2005)
|December 2, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Lithium treatment can cause hypercalcemia through acute and chronic effects, potentially leading to parathyroid gland changes. Regular calcium monitoring is crucial for early detection and improved outcomes in patients on lithium therapy.

Keywords:
AdenomaCinacalcetHypercalcaemiaHyperparathyroidismHyperplasiaLithium

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Pharmacology
  • Nephrology

Background:

  • Lithium is a key mood stabilizer for bipolar disorders.
  • Treatment can induce endocrine and metabolic issues like hypercalcemia.
  • Hypercalcemia is a significant adverse effect of lithium therapy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review lithium-associated hyperparathyroidism.
  • To explore its pathophysiology, presentation, and management.
  • To emphasize the importance of calcium monitoring.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review on lithium's effects on calcium metabolism.
  • Analysis of acute and chronic mechanisms of lithium-induced hypercalcemia.
  • Discussion of parathyroid gland alterations.

Main Results:

  • Lithium affects calcium-sensing receptor and GSK-3 pathways acutely.
  • Chronic lithium use can unmask or initiate hyperparathyroidism.
  • Lithium-associated hyperparathyroidism increases patient morbidity.

Conclusions:

  • Early recognition of lithium-associated hyperparathyroidism is vital.
  • Regular monitoring of calcium levels is essential for patients on lithium.
  • Management strategies aim to mitigate associated risks and improve outcomes.