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Extraction: Advanced Methods

Extraction: Advanced Methods

Metal ions can be separated from one another by complexation with organic ligands–the chelating agent– to form uncharged chelates. Here, the chelating agent must contain hydrophobic groups and behave as a weak acid, losing a proton to bind with the metal. Since most organic ligands used in this process are insoluble or undergo oxidation in the aqueous phase, the chelating agent is initially added to the organic phase and extracted into the aqueous phase. The metal-ligand complex is...

Diazonium Group Substitution with Halogens and Cyanide: Sandmeyer and Schiemann Reactions

Diazonium Group Substitution with Halogens and Cyanide: Sandmeyer and Schiemann Reactions

Arenediazonium substitution reactions occur when the diazonium group is substituted by various functional groups such as halides, hydroxyl, nitrile, etc. For instance, arenediazonium salts react with copper(I) salts of chloride, bromide, or cyanide to form corresponding aryl chlorides, bromides, and nitriles. These reactions are named Sandmeyer reactions. Although the mechanism of this reaction is complicated, as illustrated in Figure 1, they are believed to progress via an aryl copper...

Oxymercuration-Reduction of Alkenes

Oxymercuration-Reduction of Alkenes

Oxymercuration–reduction of alkenes is one of the major reactions converting alkenes to alcohols. It involves the hydration of alkenes with mercuric acetate in a mixture of tetrahydrofuran and water, forming an organomercury adduct. This is followed by a demercuration step in which the adduct is reduced to an alcohol using sodium borohydride.

Preparation and Reactions of Thiols

Preparation and Reactions of Thiols

Thiols are prepared using the hydrosulfide anion as a nucleophile in a nucleophilic substitution reaction with alkyl halides. For instance, bromobutane reacts with sodium hydrosulfide to give butanethiol.

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Fluorination and Iodination of Benzene

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Fluorination and Iodination of Benzene

Bromination and chlorination of aromatic rings by electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions are easily achieved, but fluorination and iodination are difficult to achieve. Fluorine is so reactive that its reaction with benzene is difficult to control, resulting in poor yields of monofluoroaromatic products. To address this, Selectfluor reagent is used as a fluorine source in which a fluorine atom is bonded to a positively charged nitrogen.

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H

Nitrous acid, a weak acid, is prepared in situ via the reaction of sodium nitrite with a strong acid under cold conditions. This nitrous acid prepared in situ reacts with primary arylamines to form arenediazonium salts. Such reactions are known as diazotization reactions. As shown in Figure 1, the formation of arenediazonium salts begins with the decomposition of nitrous acid in an acidic solution to give nitrosonium ions.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 27, 2025

Synthesis of a Thiol Building Block for the Crystallization of a Semiconducting Gyroidal Metal-sulfur Framework

Synthesis of a Thiol Building Block for the Crystallization of a Semiconducting Gyroidal Metal-sulfur Framework

Published on: April 9, 2018

Thio-groups decorated covalent triazine frameworks for selective mercury removal.

Zhenlian Yang¹, Yangyi Gu¹, Baoling Yuan¹

¹Shanghai Key Lab of Chemical Assessment and Sustainability, School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China.

Journal of Hazardous Materials

|December 3, 2020

Summary

We developed sulfur-decorated covalent triazine frameworks (CTFs) for selective mercury ion (Hg²⁺) removal. MSCTF-2 achieved high adsorption capacity, while MSCTF-1 demonstrated exceptional efficiency in purifying contaminated water.

Keywords:

Advanced adsorbents Covalent triazine framework High selectivity/recyclability Mercury adsorption Sulfur-functionalized

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Synthesis of a Thiol Building Block for the Crystallization of a Semiconducting Gyroidal Metal-sulfur Framework

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Published on: April 9, 2018

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Author Spotlight: Functionalizing Metal-Organic Frameworks: Advancements, Challenges, and the Power of Post-Synthetic Ligand Exchange

Published on: June 23, 2023

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Environmental Chemistry
Nanotechnology

Background:

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs), specifically covalent triazine frameworks (CTFs), offer high stability and scalable synthesis for practical applications.
Effective removal of mercury ions (Hg²⁺) from aqueous solutions remains a significant environmental challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop novel S-group functionalized CTFs for selective and efficient Hg²⁺ removal.
To investigate the structure-performance relationship of these CTFs in mercury remediation.

Main Methods:

Synthesis of three distinct CTFs (MSCTF-1, MSCTF-2, xSCTF-2) with varying pore sizes and S-group decoration.
Comprehensive material characterization using gas adsorption, Infrared (IR) spectroscopy, and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS).
Evaluation of Hg²⁺ adsorption capacity, selectivity, stability across a wide pH range, and recyclability.

Main Results:

MSCTF-2 exhibited the highest Hg²⁺ adsorption capacity (840.5 mg g^‒1) due to its 24.45% S content.
MSCTF-1 demonstrated a high distribution coefficient (1.67 × 10⁸ mL g^‒1), reducing Hg²⁺ to <0.03 μg L^‒1.
The materials showed high selectivity for Hg²⁺, stability from pH 1-12, and 94% removal efficiency over five cycles.

Conclusions:

The developed S-functionalized CTFs are highly effective for selective Hg²⁺ removal from contaminated water.
Adsorption follows pseudo-second-order kinetics and Langmuir isotherm, with capacity linked to binding site density and removal efficiency to distribution coefficient.