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Related Concept Videos

Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin00:51

Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin

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Calcitonin, a vital polypeptide hormone, regulates calcium levels within body fluids. It is released by the parafollicular cells, also known as C cells, situated in the follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin responds to fluctuations in blood calcium levels and the influence of gastrointestinal hormones like gastrin and cholecystokinin.
The exact mechanisms by which calcitonin operates in calcium homeostasis remain elusive, but its significance is evident in several vital...
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Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
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Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis01:21

Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis

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Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
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Heart Failure Drugs: Inotropic Agents01:26

Heart Failure Drugs: Inotropic Agents

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Positive inotropic agents are commonly used as the first line of treatment for heart failure. One such agent is digoxin, derived from the genus Digitalis, which has been known for centuries but effectively utilized since 1785. However, these cardiac glycosides can have potentially toxic effects due to their mechanism of action, which involves inhibiting Na+/K+-ATPase and increasing contractility. Digoxin is absorbed orally and distributed in various tissues, including the CNS. It has a long...
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Author Spotlight: In Vivo Assessment of Thyroid Hormone Disruption Using the THAI Mouse Model
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Calcitonin: A useful old friend.

Akash Srinivasan1, Felyx K Wong1, Dimitrios Karponis1

  • 1Imperial College London School of Medicine, UK.

Journal of Musculoskeletal & Neuronal Interactions
|December 3, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Calcitonin, once used for osteoporosis, has declined due to delivery issues and newer treatments. This review examines its past efficacy and future potential for fracture management.

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Pharmacology
  • Orthopedics

Background:

  • Calcitonin regulates calcium homeostasis and has demonstrated anti-fracture efficacy, particularly in postmenopausal osteoporosis.
  • Its clinical use has diminished, with salmon calcitonin no longer a primary treatment option.
  • Current formulations (intranasal, injectable) present patient compliance challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the reasons for the decline in calcitonin's use for fracture management.
  • To explore the potential future role of calcitonin in treating fractures and other conditions.
  • To analyze the challenges associated with oral calcitonin formulations and cancer concerns.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of calcitonin's efficacy, safety, and formulation development.
Keywords:
AnalgesiaCalcitoninFormulationsFractureOsteoporosis

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  • Analysis of comparative effectiveness against newer osteoporosis therapies like bisphosphonates and denosumab.
  • Examination of clinical trial data and regulatory perspectives.

    • Main Results:

    • Calcitonin showed significant vertebral fracture reduction in postmenopausal women compared to placebo.
    • Development of oral calcitonin faced bioavailability hurdles and disappointing Phase III trial results.
    • Concerns regarding cancer associations and the advent of superior bisphosphonates and monoclonal antibodies impacted its standing.

    Conclusions:

    • Calcitonin's historical anti-fracture benefits are overshadowed by formulation limitations, safety concerns, and advancements in osteoporosis treatment.
    • While its role as a first-line therapy has waned, further research may uncover niche applications.
    • The paradigm shift necessitates a re-evaluation of calcitonin's place in modern fracture management strategies.