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Related Concept Videos

Magnetic Fields01:27

Magnetic Fields

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A moving charge or a current creates a magnetic field in the surrounding space, in addition to its electric field. The magnetic field exerts a force on any other moving charge or current that is present in the field. Like an electric field, the magnetic field is also a vector field. At any position, the direction of the magnetic field is defined as the direction in which the north pole of a compass needle points.
A magnetic field is defined by the force that a charged particle experiences...
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Magnetic Flux01:18

Magnetic Flux

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The magnetic flux measures the number of magnetic field lines passing through a given surface area. The SI unit for magnetic flux is the weber (Wb). Magnetic flux is a scalar quantity. It depends on three factors: the strength of the magnetic field B, the area through which the field lines pass, and the relative orientation of the field with the surface area.
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Paramagnetism01:30

Paramagnetism

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Paramagnets are materials with unpaired electrons that possess a finite magnetic moment. In the absence of a magnetic field, these moments are randomly oriented, and thus the net moment is zero. Under an external field, a torque acting on the moments tends to align them along the field's direction. However, the random thermal motion of electrons produces a torque opposite to the external field and tries to disorient the moments. These two competing effects align only a few moments along the...
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The Hall Effect01:30

The Hall Effect

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Edwin H. Hall, in the year 1879, devised an experiment that could be used to identify the polarity of the predominant charge carriers in a conducting material. From a historical perspective, this experiment was the first to demonstrate that the charge carriers in most metals are negative.
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Diamagnetism01:26

Diamagnetism

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Materials consisting of paired electrons have zero net magnetic moments. However, when these materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Such materials are called diamagnets. Diamagnetism is the response of the diamagnets when placed in an external magnetic field.
Diamagnetism was discovered by Anton Brugmans in 1778 when he observed that bismuth gets repelled by magnetic fields, thus theorizing that diamagnets get repelled by magnets....
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Potential Due to a Magnetized Object01:24

Potential Due to a Magnetized Object

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Magnetic dipoles in magnetic materials are aligned when placed under an external magnetic field. For paramagnets and ferromagnets, dipole alignment occurs in the direction of the magnetic field. However, the dipoles align opposite to the field in the case of diamagnets. This state of magnetic polarization due to the external field is called magnetization. Magnetization is defined as the dipole moment per unit volume. It plays a similar role to polarization in electrostatics.
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Magnetic Contribution to the Seebeck Effect.

Jean-Philippe Ansermet1, Sylvain D Brechet2

  • 1Institute of Physics, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.

Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)
|December 3, 2020
PubMed
Summary

This study derives the Seebeck effect using irreversible thermodynamics, incorporating a magnetic field as a state variable. It identifies a magnetic contribution to the Seebeck coefficient in magnetic materials.

Keywords:
Seebeckmagneto-thermopowerspintronicsthermoelectricitythermopower

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Area of Science:

  • Thermodynamics of irreversible processes
  • Condensed matter physics
  • Magnetism

Background:

  • The Seebeck effect describes the conversion of temperature differences into electric voltage.
  • Understanding the influence of magnetic fields on thermoelectric phenomena is crucial for advanced materials.
  • Previous models often treated magnetic fields as external parameters rather than state variables.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To derive the Seebeck effect within a thermodynamic framework that includes magnetic fields as state variables.
  • To identify and quantify the magnetic contribution to the Seebeck coefficient.
  • To explore the impact of magnetic properties on thermally-driven charge transport.

Main Methods:

  • Application of the thermodynamics of irreversible processes.
  • Modeling the system as two subsystems: atomic magnetic moments and mobile charge carriers with magnetic dipole moments.
  • Inclusion of a magnetic term (M ∇ B) in the generalized forces.
  • Analysis of the magnetic contribution to the Seebeck coefficient.

Main Results:

  • A derivation of the Seebeck effect is presented where the magnetic field is a state variable.
  • A distinct magnetic contribution to the Seebeck coefficient is identified.
  • This magnetic contribution is found to be proportional to the logarithmic derivative of magnetization with respect to temperature.

Conclusions:

  • The magnetic field's role in thermoelectric transport can be rigorously derived using irreversible thermodynamics.
  • The identified magnetic contribution offers a new perspective on magneto-thermopower in magnetic materials.
  • Experimental data on magnetic metals confirms the influence of this magnetic effect on charge transport.