Future Strategies Involving Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Advanced Urothelial Carcinoma

Immune checkpoint inhibitors have importantly improved the outcome of patients with urothelial carcinoma. Different immune checkpoint inhibitors are currently approved and used in first- and second-line setting. The multiple agents currently approved in these setting make the choice sometimes difficult for clinicians. Furthermore, only a minority of patients present drastic response and long-term benefit with current immunotherapy. In this review, we describe the current use of immunotherapy in urothelial carcinoma but we also highlight the new strategies of treatment involving immune checkpoint inhibitors; we describe the place of immunotherapy with chemotherapy, targeted agents, and anti-angiogenic agents, incorporating the recent results presented at ASCO 2020. This review explores also the different action mechanisms of immune checkpoint inhibitors and the molecular rational to evaluate these agents in other strategies, such as maintenance and salvage strategies. The new advances in biomarker development are also presented.