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Updated: Nov 27, 2025
Induction of Invasive Transitional Cell Bladder Carcinoma in Immune Intact Human MUC1 Transgenic Mice: A Model for Immunotherapy Development
Published on: October 30, 2013
[Current treatment options and future perspectives on first line metastatic bladder cancer.]
Rubén Campanario Pérez1, Francisco Campanario Pérez2
1Hospital Universitario de Jerez*. España. (*en el momento de escribir este artículo, actualmente Hospital Virgen del Rocío).
Objective:
Over the last 30 years researchon metastatic bladder cancer has been slow and limited to chemotherapy. Chemotherapy has provided high initial response rates but very few complete responses that remain overtime. Recently, European medical agency has granted approval to immunotherapy inmetastatic disease. We will review the clinical trials that drove to EMA approval as well as new promising therapies for metastatic bladder cancer.
Methods:
A search on PubMed and clinicaltrials.gov through the combination of the following words in English and Spanish was performed: "carcinoma urotelial","cáncer de vejiga", "localmente avanzado","metastásico", "inmunoterapia", "CTLA-4", "PD1","PDL-1", "atezolizumab", "nivolumab", "ipilimubab", "pembrolizumab", "avelumab", "durvalumab", "tremelimumab", "terapia antiangiogénica", "terapia molecular dirigida" e "inhibidores VEGF".
Results:
Cisplatin chemotherapy-based regimens remain standard treatment for metastatic bladder cancer as per phase III trials. Immunotherapy is available for cisplatin-ineligible patients with high PD-L1 expression,including atezolizumab or pembrolizumab. Trials comparing immunotherapy, chemotherapy or antiangiogenic drugs o targeted drugs are recruiting.
Conclusions:
The publication of the comparative studies on chemotherapy and immunotherapy as well as targeted therapy would provide a window of opportunity for an effective personalized treatment. Those treatment would decrease side-effects as well.
Insights
Immunotherapy now offers new hope for metastatic bladder cancer patients, moving beyond traditional chemotherapy. Research is ongoing to compare these advanced treatments for better outcomes and fewer side effects.
Area of Science:
- Oncology
- Urothelial Carcinoma Research
Background:
- Metastatic bladder cancer treatment has historically relied on chemotherapy with limited long-term efficacy.
- Recent advancements include European approval of immunotherapy for metastatic disease.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review clinical trials supporting immunotherapy approval in metastatic bladder cancer.
- To explore emerging therapies for metastatic bladder cancer.
Main Methods:
- Literature search on PubMed and clinicaltrials.gov.
- Keywords included urothelial carcinoma, metastatic bladder cancer, immunotherapy, CTLA-4, PD1, PDL-1, and specific drug names in English and Spanish.
Main Results:
- Cisplatin chemotherapy remains a standard treatment.
- Immunotherapy (atezolizumab, pembrolizumab) is an option for cisplatin-ineligible patients with high PD-L1 expression.
- Ongoing trials compare immunotherapy, chemotherapy, antiangiogenic, and targeted drugs.
Conclusions:
- Comparative studies of chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapy are anticipated.
- Personalized treatment approaches are expected to improve efficacy and reduce side effects.
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