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Related Concept Videos

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra01:19

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra

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The lower urinary system consists of the urinary bladder and urethra, which are essential in storing and expelling urine from the body. Together with the internal and external sphincters, these structures work together to regulate urination effectively.Anatomy of the BladderThe urinary bladder is a muscular, stretchable organ behind the pubic bone and in front of the rectum. In females, the bladder is positioned anterior to the vagina and inferior to the uterus, while in males, it is located...
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Urethra01:16

Urethra

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The urethra is a hollowed tubular organ through which urine is expelled from the body. This structure extends from the bladder to the external opening, allowing urine to be released.
The anatomy of the urethra differs between males and females. In females, the urethra is short, measuring about 3–4 cm in length, and opens anterior to the vaginal opening. In males, the urethra is longer and passes through the penis, serving dual purposes: expelling urine and ejaculating semen. The male...
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Ureters01:22

Ureters

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The ureters are retroperitoneal tubes located on either side of the vertebral column. They are responsible for transporting urine from each kidney to the urinary bladder. These tubes have thick walls and are approximately 25-30 cm long. Their diameter is around 10 mm at the renal pelvis, gradually narrowing to 1 mm as the ureter obliquely enters the posterior bladder wall through the ureteric orifices. The shape of these orifices is slit-like, which helps to prevent urine backflow toward the...
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Urinary Bladder01:23

Urinary Bladder

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The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular sac that temporarily stores urine before it is expelled from the body. It can hold approximately 600 mL of urine prior to micturition. The bladder is retroperitoneal and located behind the pubic symphysis in the pelvic floor.
In males, the bladder is situated in front of the rectum, while in females, it is positioned anterior to the vagina and uterus. The bladder floor contains an inverted triangular area called the trigone, defined by the two ureteric...
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Anatomy of the Genitourinary System I: Kidneys and Ureters01:11

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System I: Kidneys and Ureters

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The upper urinary system comprises two kidneys and two ureters, which are crucial in filtering blood and forming urine.KidneysLocation and Structure:The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs positioned behind the peritoneum on either side of the spine.Kidneys are between the 12th thoracic (T12) and the 3rd lumbar (L3) vertebrae.The position of the liver causes the right kidney to sit slightly lower than the left.Protective Layers:Each kidney is enveloped in a tough, fibrous membrane called the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 27, 2025

An Immature Murine Model of Reversible Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction
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An Immature Murine Model of Reversible Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction

Published on: April 4, 2025

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Partial urethral duplication in a cat.

Ashley M Power, Daniel L Frem, Danielle Thomas

    Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association
    |December 3, 2020
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Advanced imaging is crucial for diagnosing congenital urethral malformations in cats presenting with lower urinary tract disease, ensuring appropriate surgical management and favorable outcomes.

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    Area of Science:

    • Veterinary Medicine
    • Urology
    • Diagnostic Imaging

    Background:

    • Recurrent signs of lower urinary tract disease in cats can be challenging to diagnose.
    • Distinguishing between urethral rupture and congenital anomalies is critical for effective treatment.

    Observation:

    • A 3-year-old cat presented with acute signs of urethral obstruction.
    • Initial evaluation and medical management provided only temporary relief.
    • Physical examination revealed fever, prepuce swelling, and inability to express the bladder.

    Findings:

    • Urinalysis showed hematuria, leukocyturia, and bacteriuria.
    • Contrast-enhanced CT imaging identified a sinus communicating with the urethra, confirming partial urethral duplication.
    • Surgical intervention included perineal urethrostomy and ligation of the strictured orthotopic urethra.

    Implications:

    • Advanced imaging modalities like CT are crucial for accurate diagnosis of complex urethral abnormalities in cats.
    • Accurate diagnosis is pivotal for successful surgical management and positive patient outcomes.
    • This case underscores the importance of considering congenital anomalies in cats presenting with lower urinary tract disease.