Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Encoding01:19

Encoding

596
Information enters the brain through encoding, which is the input of information into the memory system. Once sensory information is received from the environment, the brain labels or codes it. The information is then organized with similar information and connected to existing concepts. Encoding occurs through automatic processing and effortful processing.
Automatic processing involves the encoding of details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words, usually done without conscious...
596
Chunking and Rehearsal in Sensory Memory01:22

Chunking and Rehearsal in Sensory Memory

439
Improving short-term memory can be achieved through techniques like chunking and rehearsal. Chunking involves organizing information into larger, more manageable units. This technique is particularly useful for information that exceeds the typical memory span of between five and nine items. For instance, logging into an online account with a password like "ta89vq0179gz" involves grouping letters and numbers into three chunks—ta89, vq01, and 79gz. It makes large amounts of...
439
Storage01:23

Storage

232
A schema is a mental framework that helps individuals organize and interpret information. Schemata, formed from previous experiences, influence how we process new information: how we encode it, the inferences we make, and how we retrieve it. For instance, a schema for what a typical classroom looks like might include desks, a teacher's desk, a whiteboard, and students in such an environment. This expectation helps us quickly understand and navigate new classrooms without needing to analyze...
232
Understanding Memory01:19

Understanding Memory

1.0K
Memory is the retention of information or experiences over time, facilitated through three main processes: encoding, storage, and retrieval. Encoding is the process of inputting information into the memory system. For instance, when listening to a lecture, watching a play, reading a book, or having a conversation, the brain is actively encoding information. This initial stage involves transforming sensory input into a form that can be processed and stored by the brain. Various factors, such as...
1.0K
Working Memory01:24

Working Memory

589
Working memory refers to a combination of components, including short-term memory and attention, that allow an individual to hold information temporarily as we perform cognitive tasks. It is an essential cognitive function that enables the execution of complex tasks such as problem-solving, comprehension, and reasoning. Unlike short-term memory, which simply involves the storage of information for a brief period, working memory involves the active manipulation and processing of this...
589
Elaborative Rehearsals01:07

Elaborative Rehearsals

210
Elaborative rehearsal is a crucial cognitive strategy that strengthens information encoding in long-term memory by making meaningful connections between new data and pre-existing knowledge. This approach contrasts with maintenance rehearsal, which involves simple repetition without delving into the significance of the information. While maintenance rehearsal might temporarily keep information active in short-term memory, it is less effective for long-term retention.
The effectiveness of...
210

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Effects of time-restricted eating and resistance training on skeletal muscle tissue quantity, quality and function in postmenopausal women with overweight or obesity: A study protocol.

Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases : NMCD·2025
Same author

Older adults benefit from more widespread brain network integration during working memory.

NeuroImage·2020
Same author

Online repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation during working memory in younger and older adults: A randomized within-subject comparison.

PloS one·2019
Same author

Complementary topology of maintenance and manipulation brain networks in working memory.

Scientific reports·2018
Same author

Characterization of Surgical Procedures in the Spanish Mohs Surgery Registry (REGESMOHS) for 2013-2015.

Actas dermo-sifiliograficas·2017
Same author

PET studies of encoding and retrieval: The HERA model.

Psychonomic bulletin & review·2013

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 27, 2025

Using Rapid Serial Visual Presentation to Measure Set-Specific Capture, a Consequence of Distraction While Multitasking
05:58

Using Rapid Serial Visual Presentation to Measure Set-Specific Capture, a Consequence of Distraction While Multitasking

Published on: August 29, 2018

9.1K

Linking the Rapid Cascade of Visuo-Attentional Processes to Successful Memory Encoding.

B R Geib1, R Cabeza1, M G Woldorff1

  • 1Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.

Cerebral Cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)
|December 3, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Rapid attentional processes, including N2pc, sustained posterior-contralateral negativity, and alpha power reduction, predict successful memory encoding. These early neural events enhance memory independently of later memory-related effects.

Keywords:
ERPsalphaattentionmemorytheta

More Related Videos

A Dual Task Procedure Combined with Rapid Serial Visual Presentation to Test Attentional Blink for Nontargets
08:45

A Dual Task Procedure Combined with Rapid Serial Visual Presentation to Test Attentional Blink for Nontargets

Published on: December 5, 2014

9.4K
Eye Tracking, Cortisol, and a Sleep vs. Wake Consolidation Delay: Combining Methods to Uncover an Interactive Effect of Sleep and Cortisol on Memory
08:08

Eye Tracking, Cortisol, and a Sleep vs. Wake Consolidation Delay: Combining Methods to Uncover an Interactive Effect of Sleep and Cortisol on Memory

Published on: June 18, 2014

27.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Nov 27, 2025

Using Rapid Serial Visual Presentation to Measure Set-Specific Capture, a Consequence of Distraction While Multitasking
05:58

Using Rapid Serial Visual Presentation to Measure Set-Specific Capture, a Consequence of Distraction While Multitasking

Published on: August 29, 2018

9.1K
A Dual Task Procedure Combined with Rapid Serial Visual Presentation to Test Attentional Blink for Nontargets
08:45

A Dual Task Procedure Combined with Rapid Serial Visual Presentation to Test Attentional Blink for Nontargets

Published on: December 5, 2014

9.4K
Eye Tracking, Cortisol, and a Sleep vs. Wake Consolidation Delay: Combining Methods to Uncover an Interactive Effect of Sleep and Cortisol on Memory
08:08

Eye Tracking, Cortisol, and a Sleep vs. Wake Consolidation Delay: Combining Methods to Uncover an Interactive Effect of Sleep and Cortisol on Memory

Published on: June 18, 2014

27.3K

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Neuroscience
  • Psychology

Background:

  • Attention is known to modulate memory formation.
  • The precise role of rapid, early attentional processes in memory encoding remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the contribution of specific rapid visuo-attentional neural processes to successful memory encoding.
  • To link electroencephalography (EEG) signals to memory success.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized high-temporal-resolution EEG recordings.
  • Analyzed specific neural markers: N2pc, sustained posterior-contralateral negativity (post-N2pc), and contralateral reduction in alpha power.
  • Examined early latency midfrontal theta power and the difference-due-to-memory (Dm) effect.

Main Results:

  • N2pc, post-N2pc, and alpha power reduction were robust predictors of successful memory encoding.
  • These early attentional processes enhanced memory independently of the later Dm effect.
  • Early midfrontal theta power also promoted encoding, partly mediated by the Dm effect.

Conclusions:

  • Rapid visuo-attentional processes play a crucial role in successful memory encoding.
  • Findings elucidate the relationship between attention, perceptual processing, and memory formation.
  • Highlights the independent contribution of early attentional events to memory.