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Related Concept Videos

Venous Thrombosis II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies01:20

Venous Thrombosis II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies

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The key difference between Superficial Vein Thrombosis (SVT) and Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) lies in their location and severity.Clinical ManifestationsSVT typically presents with localized pain, tenderness, and redness along the course of a superficial vein, often accompanied by a palpable, cord-like structure under the skin. This condition is usually less dangerous than DVT but can be uncomfortable and may lead to complications such as cellulitis or, rarely, a clot extension into the deep...
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Palpation involves feeling the body to evaluate texture, size, consistency, and tenderness for assessing cardiovascular health. The following steps are organized in a head-to-toe order:
Jugular Venous Pressure (JVP) Measurement
Position the patient at a thirty- to forty-five-degree angle or in a semi-fowler's position. Look for the highest point of pulsation in the internal jugular vein and measure the vertical distance to the angle of Loius or sternal angle. A normal JVP is 3-4 cm above...
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Clinical manifestationsPeripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) manifests through a range of symptoms, from the characteristic intermittent claudication to atypical presentations and severe complications in advanced stages. Intermittent claudication, a hallmark symptom of PAD, presents as exercise-induced muscle pain that typically resolves within minutes of rest. This pain is reproducible and stems from inadequate blood flow, leading to the accumulation of lactic acid produced during anaerobic...
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Varicose Veins II: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care01:26

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Varicose veins, or varicosities, develop when the valves in the veins, which control blood flow, weaken or damage. It causes blood to pool and the veins to enlarge. Understanding the clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, and management options for varicose veins is crucial for effective treatment and relief.Clinical manifestationsClinical manifestations of varicose veins include a heavy, achy feeling or pain after prolonged standing or sitting. This discomfort can often be relieved by...
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Veins of Lower Limbs01:15

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The human body consists of an intricate network of veins responsible for the crucial task of blood drainage from the lower limbs. These veins can be categorized into two main types: deep veins and superficial veins.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 27, 2025

Occlusion of the Great and Small Saphenous Vein Using Copolymeric Glue Based on N-Butyl Cyanoacrylate and Methacryloxy Sulfolane
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Venous Diameter Changes in Chronic Active Multiple Sclerosis Lesions.

Claudia E Weber1, Matthias Kraemer2, Andreas Dabringhaus3

  • 1Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim and Mannheim Center for Translational Neurosciences (MCTN), University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.

Journal of Neuroimaging : Official Journal of the American Society of Neuroimaging
|December 3, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Venous narrowing occurs in active and shrinking multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions over time. This finding in MS lesions suggests degenerative changes within the veins due to chronic inflammation and fibrosis.

Keywords:
MRIMultiple sclerosisSWIcentral vein signchronic active lesions

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimaging
  • Neurology
  • Vascular Biology

Background:

  • Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system.
  • Understanding the evolution of MS lesions is crucial for disease management.
  • Venous changes within MS lesions are not fully characterized.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the temporal changes in venous diameter within multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions.
  • To compare venous diameter in chronic active and shrinking MS lesions versus stable lesions.
  • To utilize longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with susceptibility-weighted images (SWI).

Main Methods:

  • Longitudinal 3T MRI scans were acquired 12 months apart from 62 relapsing-remitting MS patients.
  • Voxel-Guided Morphometry identified chronic active, shrinking, and stable MS lesions.
  • Intralesional central veins were analyzed on coregistered fluid-attenuated inversion recovery/SWI for diameter quantification.

Main Results:

  • A total of 222 chronic MS lesions with central veins were analyzed.
  • No significant difference in baseline venous diameter was observed across lesion types.
  • Follow-up MRI showed significantly smaller venous diameters in chronic active (0.92 ± 0.15 mm) and shrinking (0.90 ± 0.19 mm) lesions compared to stable lesions (1.10 ± 0.18 mm; P < .001).

Conclusions:

  • Venous narrowing is evident in chronic active and nonenhancing shrinking MS lesions.
  • Reduced venous diameter may indicate structural and metabolic changes associated with chronic inflammation and fibrosis.
  • These findings highlight the role of vascular alterations in MS lesion evolution.