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Related Concept Videos

Spinal Nerves: Anatomy01:23

Spinal Nerves: Anatomy

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Spinal nerves are pivotal conduits in the nervous system, bridging the central nervous system (CNS) with the peripheral nervous system (PNS). These nerves enable a complex communication network between the brain, spinal cord, and the rest of the body, facilitating sensory input, motor output, and autonomic functions.
There are 31 bilateral pairs of spinal nerves, each emerging from the spinal cord through the intervertebral foramina—openings between adjacent vertebrae. These nerves are...
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Spinal Cord: Gross Anatomy01:15

Spinal Cord: Gross Anatomy

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The spinal cord resides within the protective confines of the vertebral column. It is the main pathway for information traveling between the brain and the body. It plays a fundamental role in nearly all bodily functions, from simple reflexes to complex motor movements. The spinal cord begins at the medulla oblongata at the base of the brainstem and extends downward, terminating at the conus medullaris near the first and second lumbar vertebrae. The spinal cord's length in adults is...
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The Spinal Cord01:54

The Spinal Cord

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The spinal cord is the body’s major nerve tract of the central nervous system, communicating afferent sensory information from the periphery to the brain and efferent motor information from the brain to the body. The human spinal cord extends from the hole at the base of the skull, or foramen magnum, to the level of the first or second lumbar vertebra.
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Spinal Cord: Cross-sectional Anatomy01:16

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The cross-sectional anatomy of the spinal cord offers a detailed view of its complex structure and function within the central nervous system. At the core of the spinal cord lies the gray matter, characterized by its butterfly or "H"-shaped appearance in cross-section. This central region is enveloped by white matter, with the overall structure divided into symmetrical halves by the dorsal median sulcus and the ventral median fissure.
Gray Matter and its Components
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Spinal Nerves: Plexus I01:22

Spinal Nerves: Plexus I

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Nerve plexuses are networks of interlacing nerves that serve as communication hubs to distribute and organize nerve action across various body regions. The nerve plexuses are organized into the cervical plexus located in the neck region, brachial plexus in the shoulder area, lumbar plexus found in the lower back, sacral plexus situated in the pelvis, and coccygeal plexus located in the coccygeal region.
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Spinal Cord01:26

Spinal Cord

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The spinal cord, a critical component of the central nervous system, extends from the base of the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. It is essential for maintaining physical stability and facilitating communication between the brain and peripheral parts of the body.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 27, 2025

Author Spotlight: Enhancing Success of Ultrasound-Guided Neuraxial Anesthesia in Cases with Difficult Anatomy
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Author Spotlight: Enhancing Success of Ultrasound-Guided Neuraxial Anesthesia in Cases with Difficult Anatomy

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Neurovascular anatomy: Spine.

Lydia Gregg1, Philippe Gailloud1

  • 1Division of Interventional Neuroradiology and Department of Art as Applied to Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.

Handbook of Clinical Neurology
|December 4, 2020
PubMed
Summary

The spinal cord

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Vascular Anatomy
  • Embryology

Background:

  • The spinal cord receives blood from cervical, thoracic, and lumbar arteries.
  • Embryonic segmental supply reduces to key arteries in adults, like those supplying enlargements.
  • The vasocorona, comprising anterior and posterior spinal arteries, forms an intrinsic vascular network.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To detail the arterial and venous supply of the spinal cord.
  • To describe the intrinsic vascularization and its components.
  • To explain the venous antireflux mechanism.

Main Methods:

  • Anatomical review of spinal cord vascularization.
  • Description of arterial and venous systems.
  • Identification of key arterial contributors and venous structures.
Keywords:
Anterior spinal arteryCentral veinIntersegmental arteryNeurovascular anatomyPosterior spinal arteryRadiculomedullary veinSpinal arterySpinal veinSulcocommissural artery

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Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound Imaging for Assessment of Spinal Cord Blood Flow in Experimental Spinal Cord Injury
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Main Results:

  • Adult spinal cord arterial supply features persistent anterior radiculomedullary arteries at specific regions.
  • The vasocorona provides central and peripheral intrinsic vascularization via anterior and posterior spinal arteries.
  • The venous system includes a perimedullary network and radiculomedullary veins with a thecal sac antireflux mechanism.

Conclusions:

  • The spinal cord's vascular supply is a complex network of specific arteries and veins.
  • Understanding this anatomy is crucial for neurological and vascular research.
  • The venous system possesses a unique antireflux mechanism at the nerve root passage.