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Related Concept Videos

Overview of the Vascular System01:20

Overview of the Vascular System

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The vascular system comprises an extensive network of arteries, capillaries, and veins. The vascular system can be broadly divided into the blood and lymphatic systems. Typically, blood vessels can be categorized into three histological regions: tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica adventitia. The tunica intima consists of a single layer of endothelial cells attached to the basal lamina. Underlying the basal lamina is a connective tissue layer and an elastic lamina that gives stability and...
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Regulation of Angiogenesis and Blood Supply01:24

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Rapidly dividing tumors, embryos, and wounded tissues require more oxygen than usual, lowering the oxygen concentration in the blood. At low oxygen or hypoxic conditions, an oxygen-sensitive transcription factor called the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 or HIF1 is activated. HIF1 is a dimeric protein of alpha (ɑ) and beta (β) subunits.  Under optimal oxygen conditions, HIF1β is present in the nucleus while HIF1ɑ remains in the cytosol. HIF1ɑ is hydroxylated by prolyl...
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Arteries of the Head and Neck01:26

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The human body's intricate network of arteries ensures that every organ system receives the necessary oxygen and nutrients for optimal function. The arterial network in the head and neck region is particularly complex, providing vital blood flow to the brain, eyes, and other critical structures. Prominent arteries in this region include the internal carotid arteries and the vertebral arteries.
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Mechanism of Angiogenesis01:10

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Blood vessel formation starts early during embryonic development, around day 7. In the extraembryonic yolk sac, mesodermal precursor cells called hemangioblast proliferate and differentiate into angioblast. Angioblasts express vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 or VEGFR2, which binds VEGF-A, a proangiogenic factor, guiding blood vessel formation. VEGF signaling promotes angioblasts to form a blood island in the developing embryo. Angioblasts further differentiate, giving rise to...
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Anatomy of Blood Vessels01:20

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The vascular system, an integral part of the circulatory system, comprises various blood vessels that play crucial roles in maintaining the body's homeostasis. These blood vessels form a complex and efficient circulatory network. The three primary categories of blood vessels are the arteries, veins, and capillaries.
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Cerebrovascular Casting of the Adult Mouse for 3D Imaging and Morphological Analysis
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Brain vascular biology.

Yao Yao1, Sonali S Shaligram2, Hua Su2

  • 1Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.

Handbook of Clinical Neurology
|December 4, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Brain vascular system development is complex, regulated by spatial and temporal factors. Disrupted pathways can cause malformations, especially under disease conditions like stroke or tumors.

Keywords:
AngiogenesisBlood–brain barrierBrain arteriovenous malformationBrain vascularizationCerebral cavernous malformationsTransforming growth factor βVascular endothelial growth factorVasculogenesis

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology
  • Vascular Biology

Background:

  • The brain's vascular system develops intricately during embryogenesis, with specific spatial and temporal regulation.
  • Adult brain angiogenesis is typically quiescent but can reactivate under pathological conditions such as trauma, stroke, or tumors.
  • Aberrations in developmental factors or signaling pathways can lead to aberrant vessel formation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the key factors and pathways governing normal brain vasculogenesis and vascular maturation.
  • To explore the pathogenesis of various brain vascular malformations.
  • To provide a comprehensive overview of brain vascular development and disease.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of developmental biology and neuroscience research.
  • Analysis of genetic and molecular pathways involved in angiogenesis.
  • Case study review of different brain vascular malformations.

Main Results:

  • Detailed description of embryonic brain vascular development stages.
  • Identification of critical signaling pathways (e.g., VEGF) regulating vascular growth and maturation.
  • Explanation of how disruptions lead to specific malformations like cavernous or arteriovenous malformations.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding normal development is crucial for deciphering malformation pathogenesis.
  • Specific factors and pathways are critical targets for therapeutic interventions in brain vascular diseases.
  • Further research into the molecular mechanisms underlying brain angiogenesis is warranted.