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Phytohormones in fruit development and maturation.

Matthew A Fenn1, James J Giovannoni1,2

  • 1Section of Plant Breeding and Genetics, School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.

The Plant Journal : for Cell and Molecular Biology
|December 4, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Plant hormones like auxin, gibberellic acid (GA), abscisic acid (ABA), and ethylene are crucial for fruit development and ripening. Their complex signaling pathways regulate key stages from fruit set to maturation.

Keywords:
fruit expansionfruit setplant hormonesripening

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Area of Science:

  • Plant Biology
  • Hormone Signaling
  • Fruit Development

Background:

  • Phytohormones orchestrate critical processes in fruit development and maturation.
  • Fleshy fruit development involves distinct stages: initiation, growth, maturation, and ripening.
  • Understanding hormone signaling in model crops like tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) provides insights into broader angiosperm species.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and synthesize current knowledge on the intricate relationship between phytohormone signaling and fruit development.
  • To highlight recent advancements in understanding hormone crosstalk during fruit set, growth, maturation, and ripening.
  • To identify knowledge gaps and future research directions in fruit biology.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing research.
  • Emphasis on studies involving fleshy fruits, particularly tomato.
  • Analysis of molecular mechanisms underlying hormone action and interaction.

Main Results:

  • Auxin and gibberellic acid (GA) are key in fruit set and growth, with auxin influencing cell division and both hormones synergistically regulating cell expansion.
  • Fruit maturation involves a shift in hormone balance, with decreasing auxin/GA and increasing abscisic acid (ABA) and ethylene.
  • Ethylene is critical for climacteric fruit ripening, while ABA is associated with non-climacteric ripening, though roles are complex and overlapping.

Conclusions:

  • Phytohormone signaling networks are fundamental regulators of fruit development and ripening.
  • Complex interactions and rebalancing of hormones, rather than singular roles, define ripening processes.
  • Further research is needed on additional hormonal activities, epigenomic influences, and species-specific variations in hormone regulation.