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Related Concept Videos

Menopause01:28

Menopause

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Menopause, a natural biological process marking the end of a woman's fertility, typically occurs between the fifth and sixth decade of life. This phase is characterized by the exhaustion of the ovarian follicle pool, leading to less responsive ovaries despite the high levels of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). The consequential decrease in estrogen production results in symptoms like hot flashes, heavy sweating, headaches, hair loss, muscle pains, vaginal...
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Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle01:22

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle

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The ovarian cycle regulates endometrial changes throughout a single menstrual cycle via the coordinated action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophins.
At puberty, GnRH begins a pulsatile release pattern, which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses vary across the menstrual cycle, with faster pulses favoring LH release and slower pulses favoring FSH...
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Hormonal Regulation01:33

Hormonal Regulation

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The renin-aldosterone system is an endocrine system which guides the renal absorption of water and electrolytes, thus managing blood pressure and osmoregulation. Activation of the system begins in the kidneys with a small cluster of cells adjacent to the afferent and efferent blood vessels of the renal corpuscle. As the nephrons are filtering blood, juxtaglomerular cells monitor blood pressure. If they detect a decrease in pressure, they release the hormone renin into the bloodstream.
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Hormonal Regulation01:40

Hormonal Regulation

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Hormones regulate a significant portion of digestion through activation of the neuroendocrine system. The neuroendocrine system of digestion contains many different hormones all with multiple functions that are both, directly and indirectly, involved in digestion.
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Local Anesthetics: Pharmacokinetics01:13

Local Anesthetics: Pharmacokinetics

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The potency and duration of action of local anesthetics (LAs) are determined by their pharmacokinetics. Pharmacokinetics describes how LAs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated from the body. When administered to the vascular tissues, LAs are quickly absorbed and enter the systemic circulation, reducing their localized effects. Adding vasoconstrictors such as epinephrine to LAs reduces their absorption into the systemic circulation, making them clinically effective. The...
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Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle01:30

Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle

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The ovarian cycle is meticulously regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. This cycle orchestrates the release of a mature oocyte, essential for reproduction.
Before puberty, the hypothalamus releases GnRH in a low frequency, low amplitude pulsatile manner. This along with the immature hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis activity, results in low estrogen levels and the absence of a fully functional ovarian cycle.  At puberty, GnRH secretion increases in both frequency and...
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Updated: Nov 27, 2025

An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause
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Postmenopausal Hormone Therapy-Local and Systemic: A Pharmacologic Perspective.

Taryn Smith1, Sabrina Sahni2, Holly L Thacker1

  • 1OB-GYN and Women's Health Institute, Center for Specialized Women's Health, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.

Journal of Clinical Pharmacology
|December 4, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Menopausal hormone therapy decisions should be individualized, balancing benefits for vasomotor symptoms and bone health against risks. Optimizing hormone therapy involves considering pharmacologic properties like dose, formulation, and timing for each woman.

Keywords:
bazedoxifenedehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)estrogenhormone therapymenopausevaginal atrophy

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Endocrinology
  • Geriatric Medicine

Background:

  • Women are spending more years in postmenopause due to increased lifespan.
  • Individualized treatment decisions are crucial for postmenopausal women.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review pharmacologic properties of menopausal hormone therapies.
  • To guide optimizing benefits and minimizing risks of hormone therapy.

Main Methods:

  • Review of pharmacologic properties: dose, formulation, administration, timing, and duration.
  • Focus on estrogen (local/systemic), progesterone, SERMs, and DHEA.
  • Brief review of compounded bioidentical hormone therapy.

Main Results:

  • Hormone therapy benefits vasomotor symptoms, bone health, and genitourinary system.
  • Benefits are lost upon cessation of therapy.
  • Individualized risk assessment (cardiovascular, VTE, cancer, fracture) is essential.

Conclusions:

  • Menopausal hormone therapy decisions require personalized risk-benefit analysis.
  • Understanding pharmacologic properties is key to safe and effective use.
  • Quality of life and patient-specific factors must guide treatment choices.