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Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
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Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

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The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael...
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Polymer Classification: Architecture01:14

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Polymers are classified as linear or branched on the basis of their chain architecture. The polymer chains in linear polymers have a long chain-like structure with minimal to no branching at all. Even if a polymer features large substituent groups on the monomer, which appear as branches to the skeleton, it is not considered a branched polymer. A branched polymer contains secondary polymer chains that arise from the main polymer chain. The branching occurs when the polymer growth shifts from...
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

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The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
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The skeletal structure of polymers synthesized via radical polymerization is always branched. For example, the polymerization of ethylene by radical polymerization results in a low-density grade of polyethylene with a heavily branched skeletal structure. Here, the radical site abstracts hydrogen from the growing chain, and the radical site shifts from the end (a primary carbon center) to anywhere within the growing chain (a secondary carbon center). Consequently, the part of the chain from the...
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Hyperbranched Bisphosphonate-Functional Polymers via Self-Condensing Vinyl Polymerization and Postpolymerization

Patricia R Calvo1, Chelsea A Sparks2, Justin Hochberg2

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Physics, Halmos College of Arts and Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, 33314, USA.

Macromolecular Rapid Communications
|December 4, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Researchers synthesized novel hyperbranched polymers using reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization. These amine-functional polymers can be further modified into acid-degradable hydrogels, offering new material possibilities.

Keywords:
Kabachnik-FieldsRAFTbisphosphonatesmulticomponent reactionsself-condensing-vinyl polymerization

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Organic Synthesis
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Hyperbranched polymers offer unique properties due to their complex architectures.
  • Reversible Addition-Fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization is a controlled radical polymerization technique.
  • Multicomponent reactions enable efficient synthesis of complex molecules.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize novel hyperbranched aminobisphosphonic acid polymers.
  • To explore the application of RAFT self-condensing vinyl polymerization for creating these polymers.
  • To introduce functional groups for potential applications like hydrogels.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of a novel acrylamide-functional chain transfer monomer.
  • Copolymerization of the monomer with an amine-bearing acrylamide using RAFT.
  • Functionalization of polymers via the Kabachnik-Fields reaction.
  • Alternate functionalization to create acid-degradable imine hydrogels.

Main Results:

  • Successful synthesis and characterization of the chain transfer monomer.
  • Creation of hyperbranched amine-functional polymers with tunable branching.
  • Introduction of aminobisphosphonate groups.
  • Demonstration of acid-degradable imine hydrogel formation.

Conclusions:

  • Multicomponent reactions are effectively applied to RAFT-derived hyperbranched polymers.
  • A new synthetic route to previously inaccessible polymers has been established.
  • The developed polymers show potential for creating functional materials such as hydrogels.