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Fermentation01:29

Fermentation

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Most eukaryotic organisms require oxygen to survive and function adequately. Such organisms produce large amounts of energy during aerobic respiration by metabolizing glucose and oxygen into carbon dioxide and water. However, most eukaryotes can generate some energy in the absence of oxygen by anaerobic metabolism.
Fermentation is a type of metabolic process that occurs in the absence of oxygen, where organic molecules such as glucose are broken down to produce energy. During this process, the...
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Microbial Fermentation01:23

Microbial Fermentation

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Fermentation is a crucial anaerobic metabolic process that enables microbes to derive energy from sugar without relying on oxygen or an electron transport chain. This process is fundamental to various biological and industrial applications and is classified based on the metabolic products generated.Role of Pyruvate in FermentationPyruvate and its derivatives serve as key electron acceptors in fermentative pathways. The oxidation of NADH to regenerate NAD+ is essential for the continuation of...
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Environmental Applications of Microorganisms01:30

Environmental Applications of Microorganisms

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Microorganisms play a pivotal role in maintaining ecosystem balance by recycling essential elements such as carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus, as well as supporting processes like bioremediation, wastewater treatment, and biofuel production.Microbes in Elemental CyclesIn the carbon cycle, microorganisms decompose organic matter, releasing carbon dioxide via aerobic respiration. This carbon dioxide is subsequently used by photosynthetic organisms to synthesize organic compounds, closing the...
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Fates of Pyruvate01:20

Fates of Pyruvate

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Pyruvate is the end product of glycolysis, where glucose is oxidized to pyruvate, simultaneously reducing NAD+ to NADH. Two molecules of ATP are also produced by substrate-level phosphorylation.
In aerobic organisms, pyruvate is metabolized via the citric acid cycle to produce reduced coenzymes NADH and FADH2. These coenzymes are then oxidized in the electron transport chain to produce ATP and, in the process, regenerate the NAD+ and FAD. As seen in some cell types and organisms, fermentation...
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Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation02:17

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...
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Green Algae01:21

Green Algae

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Green algae, also referred to as chlorophytes, are different from red algae in having the chloroplasts containing chlorophylls a and b, which give them their distinct green hue. However, they lack phycobiliproteins, preventing them from developing the red or blue-green pigmentation seen in red algae. In terms of photosynthetic pigment composition, green algae closely resemble plants and share a close evolutionary relationship with them. Taxonomically Green algae belong to Phylum Chlorophyta in...
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Renewable hydrogen production by dark-fermentation: Current status, challenges and perspectives.

Shikha Dahiya1, Sulogna Chatterjee1, Omprakash Sarkar2

  • 1Bioengineering and Environmental Science Lab, Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad 500 007, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.

Bioresource Technology
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Summary

Biohydrogen (bio-H2) from biowaste offers a green, carbon-neutral energy solution. This review explores dark fermentation challenges and opportunities for sustainable, commercial biohydrogen production.

Keywords:
Carbon-neutral hydrogenDistributed metabolismHydrogen economySustainabilityVolatile Fatty Acids (VFAs)

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Renewable Energy
  • Environmental Science

Background:

  • Urbanization drives increased energy demand and waste generation, necessitating sustainable alternatives to fossil fuels.
  • Biohydrogen (bio-H2) is a promising carbon-neutral energy source for the future Hydrogen Economy.
  • Dark fermentation of biowaste, biomass, and wastewater is a key method for biohydrogen production.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current status of dark fermentation for biohydrogen production.
  • To identify challenges and opportunities for process sustainability and commercialization.
  • To explore resource recovery and biorefinery approaches for carbon-neutral hydrogen.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of dark fermentation processes for biohydrogen generation.
  • Analysis of process limitations, economic viability, and scalability factors.
  • Investigation of integrated systems for resource recovery and closed-loop biorefineries.

Main Results:

  • Dark fermentation shows potential but faces significant scale-up and economic hurdles.
  • Process optimization and integration are crucial for sustainable and viable biohydrogen production.
  • Biorefinery concepts can enhance resource recovery and carbon neutrality.

Conclusions:

  • Dark fermentation is a viable pathway for biohydrogen, but requires technological and economic advancements.
  • Integrated biorefinery approaches are essential for maximizing resource utilization and achieving carbon neutrality.
  • Further research and development are needed to overcome challenges and enable commercial biohydrogen production.