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Area of Science:

  • Ultrafast science
  • X-ray science
  • Materials science

Background:

  • X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) offer high brilliance for atomic-scale ultrafast phenomena.
  • Split-and-delay optics (SDO) enable time-resolved X-ray experiments but suffer from low pulse energy.
  • Low pulse energy limits SDO applications to longer correlation lengths or fixed delay times.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To enhance the pulse energy of split-and-delay optics (SDO) for X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) experiments.
  • To enable the observation of atomic-scale dynamics on picosecond timescales.
  • To demonstrate a novel technique for studying ultrafast phenomena with high temporal and spatial resolution.

Main Methods:

  • Combining split-and-delay optics (SDO) with self-seeding techniques for X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs).
  • Utilizing speckle contrast in X-ray scattering measurements.
  • Performing time-resolved scattering experiments on water samples.

Main Results:

  • The combination of SDO and self-seeding significantly increased X-ray pulse energy.
  • Atomic-scale dynamics were successfully observed on picosecond timescales.
  • Speckle contrast in water scattering was shown to depend on the time delay, validating the technique.

Conclusions:

  • The integration of SDO with self-seeding X-rays overcomes previous limitations in pulse energy.
  • This advanced technique allows for the study of atomic-level dynamics at unprecedented temporal and spatial scales.
  • The method opens new avenues for investigating ultrafast phenomena inaccessible to other experimental approaches.