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Flickering candle flames and their collective behavior.

Attila Gergely1, Bulcsú Sándor1, Csaba Paizs2

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This study explores how candle flames flicker and synchronize in bundles. Researchers found that flame synchronization transitions from in-phase to counter-phase as the distance between candles increases.

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Area of Science:

  • Fluid dynamics and combustion science.
  • Investigating complex phenomena in diffusion flames.

Background:

  • Oscillation and collective behavior in diffusion flames are not fully understood.
  • Previous models require refinement to explain observed flame dynamics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To experimentally and theoretically investigate the flickering dynamics of diffusion flames in candle bundles.
  • To reveal trends in flickering frequency with varying candle numbers, oxygen concentration, and packing topologies.
  • To analyze flame collective behavior and synchronization based on separation distance.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental investigation of candle bundles with varying sizes and oxygen concentrations.
  • Theoretical analysis of flame flickering frequency and synchronization.
  • Measurement of synchronization order parameter and oscillation frequency.
  • Modification of a dynamical model to align with experimental findings.

Main Results:

  • Flickering frequency trends were identified as a function of candle number and oxygen concentration for different packing arrangements.
  • Flame collective behavior was studied concerning separation distance.
  • A discontinuous phase transition in flame synchronization was observed: in-phase at small distances, counter-phase at larger distances.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides new insights into the collective behavior and synchronization of diffusion flames.
  • Experimental findings were successfully integrated into a modified dynamical model.
  • Results align with and extend previous research on flame synchronization phenomena.