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Related Concept Videos

Adrenal Gland Disorders01:27

Adrenal Gland Disorders

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Adrenal gland disorders manifest when the production of adrenal hormones deviates from the norm, resulting in either excessive or insufficient concentrations.
Adrenal insufficiency, characterized by insufficient cortisol and aldosterone production, leads to conditions like Addison's disease. This disorder, affecting the adrenal cortex, exhibits symptoms such as skin bronzing, dehydration, low blood pressure, fatigue, and weight loss. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, a genetic ailment causing...
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Hormones of the Adrenal Glands01:31

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Adrenal hormones play a pivotal role in maintaining the body's electrolyte balance and orchestrating responses to stress, showcasing the intricate functions of the adrenal cortex and medulla.
The adrenal cortex, a powerhouse of hormone synthesis, generates over two dozen corticosteroid hormones. The zona glomerulosa produces mineralocorticoids, exemplified by aldosterone, influencing the electrolyte composition of body fluids. The synthesis of glucocorticoids such as cortisol and...
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Adrenergic Agonists: Therapeutic Uses01:30

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Adrenergic agonists have diverse therapeutic uses across various medical conditions and emergencies.
Emergency and Intensive Care Unit (ICU) applications: Pressor agents increase blood pressure, heart rate, and contractility in shock and organ failure situations. Dopamine can induce vasodilation and stimulate adrenoceptors. Endogenous catecholamines are effective in treating cardiogenic shock. α2-agonists like clonidine can reverse anesthesia-induced hypertension.
Allergies and...
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Anatomy of the Adrenal Glands01:17

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The adrenal or supra-renal glands, situated above the kidneys and aligned with the twelfth rib, are paired pyramid-shaped structures crucial for the body's stress response. During stress, these glands secrete hormones vital for adaptive physiological reactions.
These glands possess a distinctive yellow tinge due to the stored cholesterol and fatty acids required for hormone synthesis. They are encased in a fibrous capsule and cushioned by fat.
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Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder01:30

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It affects approximately 5-8% of children globally, with around 60-70% of cases persisting into adulthood. ADHD has significant implications for educational attainment, social interactions, and occupational success.
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To diagnose ADHD, symptoms must manifest before age 12 and be evident across multiple settings....
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Drug Dosing: Infants and Children01:29

Drug Dosing: Infants and Children

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Pediatric patient dosages diverge from adults due to disparities in body surface area, total body water, and extracellular fluid per kilogram of body weight. The dosing regimen considers the variations in pharmacokinetics and pharmacology across distinct age groups, encompassing preterm newborns, infants, young children, older children, and adolescents. Calculation of pediatric patient doses is predicated on determining body surface area, which exhibits a superior correlation with the child's...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 27, 2025

A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling
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Adrenal insufficiency updates in children.

Jonanlis Ramirez Alcantara1, Alyssa Halper

  • 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Obesity
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New diagnostic tools and genetic discoveries are improving the identification and treatment of adrenal insufficiency in children. Advances in hydrocortisone formulations offer better management for improved health outcomes.

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Endocrinology
  • Genetics
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Adrenal insufficiency (AI) diagnosis commonly involves adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) stimulation tests.
  • Understanding of monogenic AI has expanded due to recent genetic mutation discoveries.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the latest diagnostic tools for pediatric adrenal insufficiency.
  • To discuss current understanding of genetic causes of AI in children.
  • To explore novel treatment strategies for pediatric AI.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent literature on diagnostic methods for AI.
  • Analysis of genetic studies identifying mutations related to AI.
  • Evaluation of emerging hydrocortisone formulations and delivery systems.

Main Results:

  • Refined indications for high-dose and low-dose ACTH stimulation tests in children.
  • Proposed addition of 15 and 30-min cortisol levels to low-dose ACTH tests for improved accuracy.
  • Identification of novel genetic mutations contributing to monogenic AI.
  • Exploration of new hydrocortisone formulations and combination therapies.

Conclusions:

  • Enhanced diagnostic aids and genetic insights are crucial for accurate AI identification.
  • Novel treatment options and delivery systems promise better management of pediatric AI.
  • Improved identification and management will enhance health outcomes and quality of life for affected children.