Biological approaches practised using genetically engineered microbes for a sustainable environment: A review

Area of Science:

• Environmental Science
• Microbiology
• Biotechnology

Background:

• Conventional remediation methods for toxic environmental pollutants are often ineffective, expensive, and environmentally harmful.
• Increasing global pollution necessitates the development of advanced, sustainable bioremediation strategies.
• Genetically engineered microbes (GEMs) represent a promising approach for efficient pollution abatement.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review successful bioremediation techniques utilizing genetically modified or engineered microbes.
• To highlight the advantages of GEMs over conventional physical and chemical remediation strategies.
• To discuss the potential of GEMs in addressing environmental pollution and improving public health.

Main Methods:

• Exploration and genetic modification of microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, algae) to enhance pollutant degradation capabilities.
• Overexpression of specific proteins in microbes through genetic engineering to achieve desired remediation traits.
• Application of GEMs for the degradation of diverse pollutants including oil spills, hydrocarbons, and industrial chemicals.

Main Results:

• GEMs demonstrate higher potency and degradative capacities compared to natural microbial strains.
• Engineered microbes exhibit rapid adaptation to various pollutants, acting as substrates or through co-metabolism.
• Successful degradation of recalcitrant compounds like oil spills, camphor, hexane, naphthalene, and trichloroethylene by GEMs.

Conclusions:

• Genetically engineered microbes offer a safer, cost-effective, and efficient alternative for environmental remediation.
• Biotechnology and genetic engineering are crucial for developing advanced microbial solutions for pollution control.
• Further research and implementation of GEMs hold significant potential for environmental protection and public health welfare.