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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 27, 2025

Working Memory Training for Older Participants: A Control Group Training Regimen and Initial Intellectual Functioning Assessment
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Cognitive reserve relates to executive functioning in the old-old.

Joukje M Oosterman1,2, Michelle G Jansen3, Erik J A Scherder4

  • 1Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9104, 6500 HE, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. j.oosterman@donders.ru.nl.

Aging Clinical and Experimental Research
|December 6, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Cognitive reserve (CR) helps older adults maintain cognitive function as they age. Higher CR levels reduce the negative impact of aging on executive functions like fluency and flexibility in very old adults.

Keywords:
AgingCognitive reserveEpisodic memoryExecutive functionsInformation processing speed

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Area of Science:

  • Gerontology
  • Neuropsychology
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • Cognitive reserve (CR) is recognized for mitigating age-related cognitive decline.
  • Limited understanding exists on how CR affects cognitive abilities in the oldest-old population.
  • Investigating CR's role in advanced age is crucial for understanding cognitive aging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine if cognitive reserve modifies the age-cognition relationship in the old-old.
  • To test the hypothesis that CR buffers against age-related cognitive decline in advanced age.

Main Methods:

  • Recruited 83 adults (aged 71-94) without cognitive impairment from residential care facilities.
  • Administered a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery.
  • Estimated cognitive reserve using education and verbal intelligence measures.

Main Results:

  • Moderation analyses indicated CR significantly impacts fluency and trends for flexibility.
  • Higher cognitive reserve levels were associated with a reduced negative relationship between age and cognitive performance.
  • CR demonstrated a protective effect on executive functions in advanced age.

Conclusions:

  • Cognitive reserve continues to influence the age-executive function relationship in the old-old.
  • Findings highlight CR's importance in maintaining cognitive function in very advanced age.
  • CR may play a vital role in successful cognitive aging.