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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Cell Death01:30

Overview of Cell Death

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Cell death is an essential process where the body gets rid of old or damaged cells. Cell proliferation and death need to be balanced, as an imbalance between the two may lead to cancer or autoimmune diseases.
Cell death was observed in the early 19th century, but there was no experimental evidence to prove it. In 1842, Carl Vogt first discovered cell death in a metamorphic toad; however, it was not termed ‘cell death.’ Scientists discovered different cell death pathways only in the...
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Necrosis is considered as an “accidental” or unexpected form of cell death that ends in cell lysis. The first noticeable mention of “necrosis” was in 1859 when Rudolf Virchow used this term to describe advanced tissue breakdown in his compilation titled “Cell Pathology”.
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Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
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Peroxisomes and mitochondria are two important oxygen-utilizing organelles in eukaryotic cells. Mitochondria carry out cellular respiration—the process that converts energy from food into ATP. Peroxisomes carry out a variety of functions, primarily breaking down different substances, such as fatty acids.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 27, 2025

Single Plane Illumination Module and Micro-capillary Approach for a Wide-field Microscope
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Subcellular Singlet Oxygen and Cell Death: Location Matters.

Pingping Liang1,2,3, Dmytro Kolodieznyi1,2, Yehuda Creeger1

  • 1Molecular Biosensor and Imaging Center, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.

Frontiers in Chemistry
|December 7, 2020
PubMed
Summary

We created a tool to generate singlet oxygen (a reactive oxygen species) in specific cell locations using light. This method precisely targets cell death pathways and reveals differential cell sensitivity to oxidative stress.

Keywords:
chemoptogeneticfluorogenlocalized reactive oxygen species (ROS)near-infraredphotoablation and photodynamic therapyphotosensitizersinglet oxygensubcellular location

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Cell Biology
  • Photochemistry

Background:

  • Targeted generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is crucial for understanding cellular stress responses.
  • Singlet oxygen (¹O₂) is a key ROS involved in photodynamic therapy and oxidative damage.
  • Precisely controlling ROS production within specific subcellular compartments remains a challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a genetically encoded system for targeted singlet oxygen generation.
  • To investigate the impact of singlet oxygen's subcellular localization on cell death induction.
  • To analyze dose-dependent cytotoxic responses and cell death pathways (apoptotic vs. necrotic).

Main Methods:

  • Engineered a protein complex activating a photosensitizer dye upon light exposure.
  • Targeted the protein complex to specific subcellular locations (nucleus, cytosol, ER, mitochondria, membrane).
  • Analyzed cell viability and death pathways in response to varying light doses and subcellular localization.

Main Results:

  • Localized singlet oxygen generation demonstrated varying potencies in inducing cell death.
  • Different subcellular origins of singlet oxygen influenced the cell death pathways.
  • CT26 and HEK293 cell lines exhibited differential sensitivity to mitochondrially localized singlet oxygen.

Conclusions:

  • Subcellular localization critically affects singlet oxygen's cytotoxic impact and cell death mechanisms.
  • The developed tool offers insights into Type II photosensitizing processes and targeted cell death.
  • Findings raise questions about oxidative stress tolerance and survival mechanisms in clonal cell populations.