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Related Concept Videos

Venous Thrombosis III: Interprofessional Care01:29

Venous Thrombosis III: Interprofessional Care

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Venous thrombosis requires effective prevention and treatment strategies to improve patient outcomes and reduce potential complications.Prevention StrategiesHealthcare providers must prioritize preventing venous thromboembolism (VTE) for all adult patients upon admission. Interventions depend on bleeding and thrombosis risk, medical history, current medications, diagnoses, planned procedures, and patient preferences. Patients on bed rest should change positions every two hours and, if not...
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Venous Thrombosis IV: Nursing Management01:30

Venous Thrombosis IV: Nursing Management

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Nursing management begins with a thorough assessment of the patient's health history. Key factors include trauma to veins, peripherally inserted central catheters, varicose veins, recent pregnancy or childbirth, surgery, bacteremia, prolonged bed rest, atrial fibrillation, COPD, heart failure, cancer, coagulation disorders, myocardial infarction, spinal cord injury, stroke, prolonged travel, recent bone fractures, and dehydration. Review medication intake, particularly oral contraceptives,...
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Esophageal Varices-II: Clinical Features and Management01:28

Esophageal Varices-II: Clinical Features and Management

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Esophageal varices often manifest as gastrointestinal bleeding episodes, presenting symptoms like hematemesis (vomiting of blood), hematochezia (passing fresh blood via the rectum), and melena (black, tarry stools). Other signs can include weight loss, anorexia, abdominal discomfort, jaundice, pruritus, altered mental status, and muscle cramps.
In the initial assessment, a thorough review of the patient's medical history is vital to identify risk factors such as liver disease, alcohol...
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Hemostasis is a crucial process that prevents excessive blood loss from damaged blood vessels. It involves various mechanisms such as vasoconstriction, platelet adhesion and activation, and fibrin formation. The importance of each mechanism depends on the type of vessel injury. In contrast, thrombosis is the abnormal formation of a blood clot within the blood vessels, leading to potential complications if the clot obstructs blood flow. Thrombosis can be caused by increased coagulability of the...
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Venous Thrombosis I: Introduction01:30

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Venous thrombosis, the most common disorder of the veins, involves the formation of a thrombus or blood clot associated with vein inflammation. It can be classified as either superficial vein thrombosis or deep vein thrombosis.Superficial Vein Thrombosis: This involves the formation of a thrombus in a superficial vein, usually the greater or lesser saphenous vein. Though less severe than deep vein thrombosis (DVT), SVT can lead to complications if untreated.Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT): This...
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Varicose Veins II: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care01:26

Varicose Veins II: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care

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Varicose veins, or varicosities, develop when the valves in the veins, which control blood flow, weaken or damage. It causes blood to pool and the veins to enlarge. Understanding the clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, and management options for varicose veins is crucial for effective treatment and relief.Clinical manifestationsClinical manifestations of varicose veins include a heavy, achy feeling or pain after prolonged standing or sitting. This discomfort can often be relieved by...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Nov 27, 2025

Occlusion of the Great and Small Saphenous Vein Using Copolymeric Glue Based on N-Butyl Cyanoacrylate and Methacryloxy Sulfolane
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Venous malformations: Coagulopathy control and treatment methods.

Eleanor J Budge1, Muhammad Aa Khalil Allam1, Imogen Mechie1

  • 1Department of Vascular Surgery, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.

Phlebology
|December 7, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Venous malformations (VMs) are common vascular anomalies requiring personalized treatment. Emerging therapies target the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, but more research is needed for optimal patient care.

Keywords:
Venous malformationcoagulationsclerotherapysurgeryvenous thromboembolism

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Area of Science:

  • Vascular biology
  • Medical genetics
  • Dermatology

Background:

  • Venous malformations (VMs) are vascular anomalies resulting from dysmorphogenesis, often linked to TIE2/PI3K pathway mutations.
  • Affecting 1% of the population, VMs present diversely and necessitate tailored, multidisciplinary treatment.
  • Complications include local intravascular coagulopathy (LIC) and disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (DIC), particularly in larger lesions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current and emerging treatment strategies for venous malformations.
  • To identify gaps in the literature regarding therapeutic management and patient outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • A literature review was conducted using PubMed, identifying 15 relevant articles.
  • References from these articles were further examined to broaden the literature search.

Main Results:

  • Treatment options include compression, sclerotherapy, laser therapy, cryoablation, and surgery.
  • Management of LIC involves anticoagulants like low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH).
  • Novel molecular therapies targeting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway are emerging.

Conclusions:

  • Larger, multi-center, randomized trials are needed to clarify coagulopathy management and symptomatic benefits.
  • Long-term follow-up and standardized risk stratification tools are essential.
  • Quality of life questionnaires should be used to compare treatment protocols.