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Related Concept Videos

The Nucleus01:25

The Nucleus

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The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that acts as a control center in a eukaryotic cell. It contains chromosomal DNA, which controls gene expression and precisely regulates the production of proteins within the cell. In contrast, the DNA inside the mitochondria and chloroplast only carries out functions that are specific to those organelles.
Arrangement of DNA within Nucleus
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The Nucleus01:32

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The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that acts as a control center in a eukaryotic cell. It contains chromosomal DNA, which controls gene expression and precisely regulates the production of proteins within the cell. In contrast, the DNA inside the mitochondria and chloroplast only carries out functions that are specific to those organelles.
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The cell cycle regulation directs how a cell proceeds from one phase to the next and begins mitosis. The cell cycle control system includes intracellular regulatory molecules and external triggers. They provide "stop" or "advance" signals and operate at specific cell cycle stages termed checkpoints to ensure that a particular process is completed before the cell advances to the next phase.
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The Cell Cycle Control System02:11

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The cell cycle is an organized set of events that leads the cell to divide into two daughter cells, each containing chromosomes identical to the parent cell. It is the cell cycle that leads to the formation of an entire organism from a single-cell zygote. Besides, cell division also functions in the renewal or repair of tissues in adult multicellular eukaryotes. For example, in the bone marrow, the stem cells divide to form new blood cells. Although essential for several functions, cell...
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The Nucleolus02:55

The Nucleolus

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The nucleolus is the most prominent substructure of the nucleus. When it was first discovered, it was considered to be an isolated organelle that forms fibrils and granules. In 1931, the relationship between the nucleolus and chromosomes was first described by Heitz. He observed that the appearance and size of nucleolus varies depending on the stage of the cell cycle. He also noticed constricted regions on different chromosomes clustered together at definite cell cycle stages. These regions,...
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The nucleus serves as the pacemaker for the cell cycle.

Oshri Afanzar1, Garrison K Buss2, Tim Stearns3,4

  • 1Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford Medicine, Stanford, United States.

Elife
|December 7, 2020
PubMed
Summary

The cell nucleus acts as a pacemaker, accelerating mitosis. This study in Xenopus egg extracts reveals nuclei, with or without centrosomes, initiate cell cycle waves.

Keywords:
Cdk1bistabilitycell biologycomputational biologymicrotubulesmitosispacemakersystems biologytrigger wavesxenopus

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Mitosis is a fundamental cellular process regulated by an internal oscillator.
  • The location of the fastest oscillator component could dictate the overall pace of mitosis.
  • Understanding the initiation and regulation of mitotic entry is crucial for cell cycle control.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify the origin of mitotic entry waves in Xenopus egg extracts.
  • To determine whether the nucleus or centrosome acts as the pacemaker for mitosis.
  • To investigate the role of the nucleus and centrosome in initiating cell cycle progression.

Main Methods:

  • Tracing tubulin polymerization and depolymerization waves.
  • Utilizing Xenopus egg extracts.
  • Employing sperm-derived nuclei, phage DNA nuclei, and purified centrosomes as experimental models.

Main Results:

  • Mitosis initiation was commonly observed at sperm-derived nuclei and their associated centrosomes.
  • The cell cycle proceeded approximately 20% faster at these initiation sites.
  • Nuclei, even without centrosomes, could initiate mitotic waves, while centrosomes alone could not.

Conclusions:

  • The nucleus accelerates the entry into mitosis.
  • The nucleus functions as a pacemaker for the cell cycle.
  • Mitotic initiation is influenced by the presence and properties of the nucleus.