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San Francisco's Golden Gate Bridge is exposed to temperatures ranging from -15 °C to 40 °C. At its coldest, the main span of the bridge is 1275 m long. Assuming that the bridge is made entirely of steel, what is the change in its length between these temperatures?
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A thermodynamic system is a set of objects whose thermodynamic properties are of interest. The system is considered to be embedded in its surroundings or the environment. The system and its environment can exchange heat and do work on each other through a boundary that separates them. However, the immediate surroundings of the system interact with it directly and therefore have a much stronger influence on its behavior and properties.
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When a substance—isolated from its environment—is subjected to heat changes, corresponding changes in temperature and phase of the substance is observed; this is graphically represented by heating and cooling curves.
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Sigmatropic rearrangements are a class of pericyclic reactions in which a σ bond migrates from one part of a π system to another. These are intramolecular rearrangements where the total number of σ and π bonds remain unchanged.
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In convection, thermal energy is carried by the large-scale flow of matter. Ocean currents and large-scale atmospheric circulation, which result from the buoyancy of warm air and water, transfer hot air from the tropics toward the poles and cold air from the poles toward the tropics. The Earth’s rotation interacts with those flows, causing the observed eastward flow of air in the temperate zones. Convection dominates heat transfer by air, and the amount of available space for the airflow...
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Activity is the measure of the effective concentration of the species in solution. It can be expressed as the product of the molar concentration of the species and its activity coefficient. The activity coefficient is a dimensionless quantity and depends on the total ionic strength of the solution.
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Author Spotlight: Simulation and Analysis of the Temperature Rise of Ring Main Unit Equipment
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Advanced Exergy Analysis in the Dynamic Framework for Assessing Building Thermal Systems.

Ana Picallo-Perez1, José M Sala1, George Tsatsaronis2

  • 1Research Group Energy in Buildings (ENEDI), Department of Thermal Engineering, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48013 Bilbao, Spain.

Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)
|December 8, 2020
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces Dynamic Advanced Exergy Analysis (DAEA) for building energy systems. It uniquely identifies avoidable and unavoidable exergy destruction (ED) for component optimization.

Keywords:
avoidable and unavoidable exergy destructiondynamic advanced exergy analysisendogenous and exogenous exergy destructiongrey box modelingheating and DHW systems

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Area of Science:

  • Building energy systems
  • Thermodynamics
  • Sustainable energy

Background:

  • Traditional exergy analysis often overlooks dynamic operational conditions.
  • Understanding component inefficiencies is crucial for optimizing building energy systems.
  • Stirling engines and condensing boilers are common in heating and domestic hot water (DHW) facilities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To apply Dynamic Advanced Exergy Analysis (DAEA) to a heating and DHW facility for the first time.
  • To differentiate between avoidable and unavoidable exergy destruction (ED) within the system components.
  • To analyze endogenous and exogenous sources of ED for targeted optimization.

Main Methods:

  • Dynamic Advanced Exergy Analysis (DAEA) applied to a real-world facility.
  • Component characterization using a novel grey-box modeling technique.
  • Dynamic simulations performed using TRNSYS and MATLAB.

Main Results:

  • DAEA successfully quantified component-specific exergy destruction (ED) under dynamic conditions.
  • Distinguished between avoidable and unavoidable ED, offering insights into system inefficiencies.
  • Identified the influence of individual components and their interconnections on overall ED.

Conclusions:

  • DAEA provides unprecedented insights into building energy system inefficiencies.
  • The methodology enables rational diagnosis and optimization of heating and DHW systems.
  • This approach is vital for enhancing the performance and sustainability of building energy installations.